OUTSIDERS

1 'THEFREEPRESS,NewYOTkCOLLIER-MACMILLANLI MITED,LondonSometimesI ain'tsoshowho'sgoterearighttosaywhena maniscrazyandwhenheain' ,"esI thinkit ain'tnoneofuspurecrazya1ldain' 'slikeit ain'tsomucbwbatafellowdoes,butit' ,ASILAYDYING',~':crTAVBR1'iE.'Ii;;tudifp rintingnumbel'10u- ",'~',-_),,;:-:~i!CJVnaGorL~bo760200 BRNOF lnsrFREEPnESSPAPERBACKEDITION1966,/.,all // ,electronicormechanical,includingphotoco pying,record-ing,orbyanyinformationstora geandretrievalsystem, ,Ltd.,Toronto, ap-pearedintheAmericanJourna{ofSociology ,UX(Novem-ber,1953);Chapter5 appearedinthesamejournal,LVII(September, 1951).}

2 ,12(Spring,1953), appearedinSocialProblems,3 (July,1955), and4 wasoriginallypreparedACKNOWLEDGMENTSasaM aster'sthesisinSociologyattheUniversityo fChicago, , , didtheresearchonwhichChapters5 aud6 arebasedwhileI wasamemberofthestaffoftheChicagoNarcotic sSurvey,aprojectundertakenbytheChicagoAr eaProjects,Inc., ,EliotFreidson,ErvingGoffman,SolomonKobr in,HenryMcKay,AnselmStrauss, ,wh'} ,asonallmatterssoci-ological,owesmuchtom yfriendandteacher, ,KathrynJames, ,OUTSIDERS1 DefinitionsofDeviance3 DevianceandtbeResponsesofOtbers8 WboseRules?

3 15:1 KINDSOFDEVIANCE:ASequentialModel19 SimultaneousandSequentialModelsofDevianc e22 DeviantCareers253 BECOMINGAMARIHUANAUSER41 LearningtbeTecbnique46 LearningtoPerceivetbeEffects48 LearningtoEnjoytheEffects534-MARIHUANAUS EANDSOCIALCONTROL59 Supply62 Secrecy66 Morality72 CONTENTS5 THECULTUREOFADEVIANTGROUP:TheDanceMusici an79 TheResearch83 Musicianand"Square"85 ReactionstotheConflict91 IsolationandSelf-Segregation956 CAREERSINOUTSIDERSADEVIANTOCCUPATIONALGR OUP:TheDanceMusician101 CliquesandSuccess103 ParentsandWives114l'RULESANDTHEIRENFORCE MENT121 StagesofEnforcement129 AnlIlustrativeCase:TheMari/JUanaTaxAct13 5 IIIMORALENTREPRENEURS147 RuleCreators147 TheFateofMoralCrusades152 RuleEnforcers155 DevianceandEnterprise:ASummary162$;THEST UDYOFDEVIANCE:ProblemsandSympathies165 INDEX1771 OutsidersALLsocialgroupsmakerulesandat-t empt,at sometimesandundersomecircumstances, ,specifyingsomeactionsas"right"andforbid dingothersas"wrong.

4 "Whena ruleisenforced,thepersonwhoissupposedtoh avebrokenit maybeseenasaspecialkindofperson, ,a ,I willtrytoclarifythesituationandprocesspo intedtobythisdouble-barrelledterm; ~aw,andi~ ,theyrepresentinformalagreements,newlyar rivedatorencrustedwiththesanctionofagean dtradition;rulesofthiskindarcenforcedbyi n-formalsanctionsofvariouskinds. Similarly,whethera rulehastheforceoflawortraditionorissimpl ytheresultofconsensus,it maybethetaskofsomespecializedbody,suchas thepoliceorthecommitteeonethicsofaprofes sionalassociation,toenforceit enforcement,,ontheotherhand,maybeeveryon e'sjobor,atleast, ,inanyexceptthemostformalsense, ,whichremainonthestatutebooksthoughtheyh avenotbeenenforcedfora hundredyears,areexamples.

5 (Itisimportanttoremember,however,thatanu neuforcedIa,~.maybereactivatedforvarious reasonsandregainallitsongmalforce,asrece ntlyoccurredwithrespecttothelawsgovernin gtheopeningofcommercialestablishmentsonS un-dayinMissouri.) shallmainlybeconcernedwithwhatwecancallr heactualoperatingrulesofgroups, ,justhowfar"outside"oneis,ineitherofthes ensesIhavementioned, trafficviolationorgetsa littletoodrunkatapartyasbeing, ,rape,ortreasonleadustoviewtheviolatoras a , ,sometimesfeelingthatthosewhojudgethemdo notunderstandthemandatothertimesagreeing thatcompulsivedrinkingisa ,somedeviants(homo-sexualsanddrugaddicts aregoodexamples) ,theorizing, :whydotheydoit?

6 Howcanweaccountfortheirrule-breaking?Wha tisthereaboutthemthatleadsthemtodoforbid denthings? (quali~a tivelydistinct)aboutactsthatbreak(orseem tobreak) "deviant"35 , ,theprocessbywhichthatjudgmentisarriveda t, :vianceandthescientifictheoriesthatbegin withitsp~emlsesassumethatactsthatbreakru lesareinherentlyde-:'Iantandthustakeforg rantedthesituationsandprocessesofJudgmen t, ,theymaybythatomissionlimitthekinds'ofth eoriesthatcanbedevelopedandthekindofunde rstandingthatcanbeachieved.'Ourfirstprob lem,then,istoconstructa ,letusconsidersomeofthedefini-tionsscien tistsnowuse,seeingwhatisleftoutifwetaket hemasa :hesimplestviewofdevianceisessentiallyst atistical, statisticiananalyzestheresultsofanagricu l-ruralexperiment,hedescribesthestalkofc omthatisex-cep~o?

7 , ,tobeleft-handedorredheadedisdeviant, ,thestatisticalviewseemssimple-minded,ev en1.~ ,0nald~.Cressey,"CriminologicalResearcha ndtheDefinitionofCrimes,AmerIcanJournalo fSociology,LVI(May,1951), , definition,wereturnwitha mixedbag-peoplewhoareexcessivelyfatorthi n,murderers,redheads,homosexuals, ,inshort, ,revealingthepresenceofa "disease."Thisviewrests,obviously, ,whenitisworkingefficientlyandexperienci ngnodiscomfort,issaidtobe"healthy."Wheni tdoesnotworkefficiently,adisease~ ,thereislittledisagreementaboutwhatconst itutesa , definitionthatwillsatisfyevensucha selectandlimitedgroupaspsychiatrists;iti simpossibletofindonethatpeoplegenerallya cceptastheyacceptcriteriaofhealthfortheo rganism.

8 'Sometimespeoplemeantheanalogymorestrict ly, ,"TheProfessionalIdeologyofSocialPatholo gists,"America'llJournalofSociology,XLIX ( ). homosexualordrugaddictisregardedasthesym ptomofa mentaldiseasejuStasthediabetic'sdifficul tyingettingbruisestohealisregardedasa :Startingwithsuchthingsassyphilis,tuberc ulosis,typhoidfever,andcarcinomasandfrac tures,wehavecreatedtheclassl<illness."At first,thisclasswascomposedofonlyafewitem s,allof\vhichsharedthecommonfeatureofref erencetoa stateofdisorderedstructureorfunctionofth ehumanbodyasa , ,however, ' ,atfirstslowly,suchthingsashysteria,hypl lchondriasis,obsessive-complusiveneurosi s, ,withincreasingzeal,physiciansandespecia llypsychiatristsbegantocall"illness"(tha tis,ofcourse,"mentalillness")

9 Anythingandeverythinginwhichtheycoulddet ectanysignofmalfunctioning, , ,art,undesiredpoliticalleadership,partic ipationinsocialaffairs,orwithdrawalfroms uchparticipation-alltheseandmanymorehave beensaidtobesignsofmentalillness." ,byuseofanalogy,locatesitssourcewithinrh eindividual,thuspreventingusfromseeingth ejudgmentitselfasa ,TbeMytbofMentalIllness( ,Inc.,19~I), ,"TheMedicalModelandMentalHospitalizatio n,"inAsylums:EssaysontbeSociaJSituationo fMemalPatientsandGtberinmates(GardenCity :AnchorBooles,1961), modelofdevian~ society,orsomepartof::ociety,andaskwheth ~rthereareanyprocessesgoingonillItthatt~ ndtoreduceItsstability, ~ , "ofsocietywhichpromotestabi~ty(andthusar efU~,cnonal)andthosewhichdisruptstablhry ( ~func tional").

10 Sucha viewhasthegreatvir:ueofpOillnngtoareasof possibletroubleina societyofwhichpeoplemaynotbeaware.'.hBur itisharderinpracticethanit appearstob~illt eory'fh tI'Sfunctionalandwhatdysfuncnonalforatos peciy w (function)ofa groupisand,consequently,what,tlungswillh elporhindertheachievement~ ,I~veryoftena ~thegroupdlSagre,eandmaneuvertohavetheir owndefimnonofthegro~ ~rorgamzanon,then,isdecidedinpoliticalco nflIct,~o:g: 'IftillS'istruethenItISlikeWisetruethatt hete ."f wllatrulesaretobeenforced, ,andwhichpeoplelabele~asO~tslersmustalso beregardedaspolitical.