Transcription of OUTSIDERS
1 'THEFREEPRESS,NewYOTkCOLLIER-MACMILLANLI MITED,LondonSometimesI ain'tsoshowho'sgoterearighttosaywhena maniscrazyandwhenheain' ,"esI thinkit ain'tnoneofuspurecrazya1ldain' 'slikeit ain'tsomucbwbatafellowdoes,butit' ,ASILAYDYING',~':crTAVBR1'iE.'Ii;;tudifp rintingnumbel'10u- ",'~',-_),,;:-:~i!CJVnaGorL~bo760200 BRNOF lnsrFREEPnESSPAPERBACKEDITION1966,/.,all // ,electronicormechanical,includingphotoco pying,record-ing,orbyanyinformationstora geandretrievalsystem, ,Ltd.,Toronto, ap-pearedintheAmericanJourna{ofSociology ,UX(Novem-ber,1953);Chapter5 appearedinthesamejournal,LVII(September, 1951). ,12(Spring,1953), appearedinSocialProblems,3 (July,1955), and4 wasoriginallypreparedACKNOWLEDGMENTSasaM aster'sthesisinSociologyattheUniversityo fChicago, , , didtheresearchonwhichChapters5 aud6 arebasedwhileI wasamemberofthestaffoftheChicagoNarcotic sSurvey,aprojectundertakenbytheChicagoAr eaProjects,Inc.}
2 , ,EliotFreidson,ErvingGoffman,SolomonKobr in,HenryMcKay,AnselmStrauss, ,wh'} ,asonallmatterssoci-ological,owesmuchtom yfriendandteacher, ,KathrynJames, ,OUTSIDERS1 DefinitionsofDeviance3 DevianceandtbeResponsesofOtbers8 WboseRules?15:1 KINDSOFDEVIANCE:ASequentialModel19 SimultaneousandSequentialModelsofDevianc e22 DeviantCareers253 BECOMINGAMARIHUANAUSER41 LearningtbeTecbnique46 LearningtoPerceivetbeEffects48 LearningtoEnjoytheEffects534-MARIHUANAUS EANDSOCIALCONTROL59 Supply62 Secrecy66 Morality72 CONTENTS5 THECULTUREOFADEVIANTGROUP:TheDanceMusici an79 TheResearch83 Musicianand"Square"85 ReactionstotheConflict91 IsolationandSelf-Segregation956 CAREERSINOUTSIDERSADEVIANTOCCUPATIONALGR OUP:TheDanceMusician101 CliquesandSuccess103 ParentsandWives114l'RULESANDTHEIRENFORCE MENT121 StagesofEnforcement129 AnlIlustrativeCase:TheMari/JUanaTaxAct13 5 IIIMORALENTREPRENEURS147 RuleCreators147 TheFateofMoralCrusades152 RuleEnforcers155 DevianceandEnterprise:ASummary162$.
3 THESTUDYOFDEVIANCE:ProblemsandSympathies 165 INDEX1771 OutsidersALLsocialgroupsmakerulesandat-t empt,at sometimesandundersomecircumstances, ,specifyingsomeactionsas"right"andforbid dingothersas"wrong."Whena ruleisenforced,thepersonwhoissupposedtoh avebrokenit maybeseenasaspecialkindofperson, ,a ,I willtrytoclarifythesituationandprocesspo intedtobythisdouble-barrelledterm; ~aw,andi~ ,theyrepresentinformalagreements,newlyar rivedatorencrustedwiththesanctionofagean dtradition;rulesofthiskindarcenforcedbyi n-formalsanctionsofvariouskinds. Similarly,whethera rulehastheforceoflawortraditionorissimpl ytheresultofconsensus,it maybethetaskofsomespecializedbody,suchas thepoliceorthecommitteeonethicsofaprofes sionalassociation,toenforceit enforcement,,ontheotherhand,maybeeveryon e'sjobor,atleast, ,inanyexceptthemostformalsense, ,whichremainonthestatutebooksthoughtheyh avenotbeenenforcedfora hundredyears,areexamples.
4 (Itisimportanttoremember,however,thatanu neuforcedIa,~.maybereactivatedforvarious reasonsandregainallitsongmalforce,asrece ntlyoccurredwithrespecttothelawsgovernin gtheopeningofcommercialestablishmentsonS un-dayinMissouri.) shallmainlybeconcernedwithwhatwecancallr heactualoperatingrulesofgroups, ,justhowfar"outside"oneis,ineitherofthes ensesIhavementioned, trafficviolationorgetsa littletoodrunkatapartyasbeing, ,rape,ortreasonleadustoviewtheviolatoras a , ,sometimesfeelingthatthosewhojudgethemdo notunderstandthemandatothertimesagreeing thatcompulsivedrinkingisa ,somedeviants(homo-sexualsanddrugaddicts aregoodexamples) ,theorizing, :whydotheydoit?Howcanweaccountfortheirru le-breaking?Whatisthereaboutthemthatlead sthemtodoforbiddenthings? (quali~a tivelydistinct)aboutactsthatbreak(orseem tobreak) "deviant"35 , ,theprocessbywhichthatjudgmentisarriveda t, :vianceandthescientifictheoriesthatbegin withitsp~emlsesassumethatactsthatbreakru lesareinherentlyde-:'Iantandthustakeforg rantedthesituationsandprocessesofJudgmen t, ,theymaybythatomissionlimitthekinds'ofth eoriesthatcanbedevelopedandthekindofunde rstandingthatcanbeachieved.
5 'Ourfirstproblem,then,istoconstructa ,letusconsidersomeofthedefini-tionsscien tistsnowuse,seeingwhatisleftoutifwetaket hemasa :hesimplestviewofdevianceisessentiallyst atistical, statisticiananalyzestheresultsofanagricu l-ruralexperiment,hedescribesthestalkofc omthatisex-cep~o? , ,tobeleft-handedorredheadedisdeviant, ,thestatisticalviewseemssimple-minded,ev en1.~ ,0nald~.Cressey,"CriminologicalResearcha ndtheDefinitionofCrimes,AmerIcanJournalo fSociology,LVI(May,1951), , definition,wereturnwitha mixedbag-peoplewhoareexcessivelyfatorthi n,murderers,redheads,homosexuals, ,inshort, ,revealingthepresenceofa "disease."Thisviewrests,obviously, ,whenitisworkingefficientlyandexperienci ngnodiscomfort,issaidtobe"healthy."Wheni tdoesnotworkefficiently,adisease~ ,thereislittledisagreementaboutwhatconst itutesa , definitionthatwillsatisfyevensucha selectandlimitedgroupaspsychiatrists;iti simpossibletofindonethatpeoplegenerallya cceptastheyacceptcriteriaofhealthfortheo rganism.
6 'Sometimespeoplemeantheanalogymorestrict ly, ,"TheProfessionalIdeologyofSocialPatholo gists,"America'llJournalofSociology,XLIX ( ). homosexualordrugaddictisregardedasthesym ptomofa mentaldiseasejuStasthediabetic'sdifficul tyingettingbruisestohealisregardedasa :Startingwithsuchthingsassyphilis,tuberc ulosis,typhoidfever,andcarcinomasandfrac tures,wehavecreatedtheclassl<illness."At first,thisclasswascomposedofonlyafewitem s,allof\vhichsharedthecommonfeatureofref erencetoa stateofdisorderedstructureorfunctionofth ehumanbodyasa , ,however, ' ,atfirstslowly,suchthingsashysteria,hypl lchondriasis,obsessive-complusiveneurosi s, ,withincreasingzeal,physiciansandespecia llypsychiatristsbegantocall"illness"(tha tis,ofcourse,"mentalillness")anythingand everythinginwhichtheycoulddetectanysigno fmalfunctioning, , ,art,undesiredpoliticalleadership,partic ipationinsocialaffairs,orwithdrawalfroms uchparticipation-alltheseandmanymorehave beensaidtobesignsofmentalillness.
7 " ,byuseofanalogy,locatesitssourcewithinrh eindividual,thuspreventingusfromseeingth ejudgmentitselfasa ,TbeMytbofMentalIllness( ,Inc.,19~I), ,"TheMedicalModelandMentalHospitalizatio n,"inAsylums:EssaysontbeSociaJSituationo fMemalPatientsandGtberinmates(GardenCity :AnchorBooles,1961), modelofdevian~ society,orsomepartof::ociety,andaskwheth ~rthereareanyprocessesgoingonillItthatt~ ndtoreduceItsstability, ~ , "ofsocietywhichpromotestabi~ty(andthusar efU~,cnonal)andthosewhichdisruptstablhry ( ~func tional").Sucha viewhasthegreatvir:ueofpOillnngtoareasof possibletroubleina societyofwhichpeoplemaynotbeaware.'.hBur itisharderinpracticethanit appearstob~illt eory'fh tI'Sfunctionalandwhatdysfuncnonalforatos peciy w (function)ofa groupisand,consequently,what,tlungswillh elporhindertheachievement~ ,I~veryoftena ~thegroupdlSagre,eandmaneuvertohavetheir owndefimnonofthegro~ ~rorgamzanon,then,isdecidedinpoliticalco nflIct,~o:g: 'IftillS'istruethenItISlikeWisetruethatt hete.
8 "f wllatrulesaretobeenforced, ,andwhichpeoplelabele~asO~tslersmustalso beregardedaspolitical.'ThefunCTIonalView ofdeviance,byignoringthepoliticalaspecto fthephenomenon, ,'.Anothersociologicalviewismorerelanvls nc, ::' ~tR\ ~n~o:::B~ceandWorld',Inc.,1961), ( ,r/S'.JSystem(NewYark:TheFreePressof737j andTalcottParsons,Je0(:10 Glencoe,1951), ~f5'1'dt' ~Ie~1oliticalonein"Functionalismandare"f unctional"or"dysfuncoonalas,'PfS"0yII( "El1ropeal1]ounla0 DCWg1' groupenforcesonitsmembers,wecansaywithso meprecisionwhetherornota personhasviolatedthemandisthus,onthisvie w, , ,eachwithitsownsetofrules, ,then,deviant?Proponentsofthisdefinition mayobjectthatwhileambiguitymayarisewithr especttotherulespeculiartooneoranothergr oupinsociety,therearesomerulesthatarever ygenerallyagreedtoby"everyone, ,ofcourse,isaquestionoffact, doubttherearemanysuchareasofconsensusand thinkit wisertousea ,andtosearchforthefactorsintheirpersonal ities,, ruleconstitutea'homogeneousca,tegory,bec ausetheyhavecom-mittedthesamedeviantact} .))
9 Suchanassumptionseemstometoignorethecent ralfactabourdeviance:itiscre~t~( ".. ,jnwhichthecausesofd~viancearelocatedint hesocialsituationofthedeviantorin"social factors"",J1i<::P] mean,rather,thatsoci~lgJ~; ,.'lruLh.)capPl)'irlg!hos~-"ulest? ,devianceisnota quahtyofthea':tthepersoncommits,butrathe ra consequenceoftheapplicanonbyothersofrule sandsanctionstoan"offender."Thedeviantis onetowhomthatlabelhassuccessfullybeen applied;deviantbehaviorisbehaviorthatpeo plesolabel."Sincedevianceis,amongotherth ings,a consequenceoftheresponsesofotherstoa person'sact,studentsofdeviancecannotassu methat theyaredealingwitha ,theycannotassumethatthesepeoplehaveactu allycommitteda deviantactorbrokensomerule,becausethepro cessoflabelingmaynotbeinfallible;somepeo plemaybelabeleddeviantwhoinfacthavenotbr okena ,theycannotassumethatthecategoryofthosel abeleddeviantwillcontainallthosewhoactua llyhavebrokenarule,formanyoffendersmayes capeapprehensionandthusfailtobeincludedi nthepopulationof"deviants" , ,then, ,thisviewcanbefoundinFrankT:mnenbauITl,C rimeandtheConmlllntty(N~wYork:McGraw-Hil lBookCo.
10 ,Inc.,1951), , ~gy(Nc:vYork:McGraw-HillBookCo.,Inc.,195 1).Ar,cecntartlc~ ," :ProblemsofTheoryandMethod,"SocialProble ms,9(Wmter,1962), , willbeginmyanalysisWIththis?aslCslmilant yandviewdevianceastheproductofatransac~ willbelessconcernedwiththepersonalandsoc ialcharacteristicsofdeviantsthanwiththep rocessbywhichtheycometobethough:ofasour~ ,inhisstudyoftheTrobriandIslands:Onedaya nourbreakofwailinganda greatcommotiontoldmethata ,;asmformedthatKima'i,a youngladofmyacquaintance,of'1 Xteenorso,hadfallenfroma .. Ifoundthata~ . ,thepartnerinhiscrimebe-mghISmaternalcou sin,thedaughterofhismother' 'sdiscard~dlover,whohadwantedtomarryhera ndwhofeltpersonallyInjured, youth,butth~s? !ic-accusinghiminthehearingofthewholecom -mUnItyofIncestandhurlingathimcertainexp ressionsintoler-abletoa ; ~ ,climbedacoco-nutpalmandaddressedthecomm unity, veiledaccusatioriagainstthemanwhohaddriv enhimtohisdeath, ,asisthecustom,jumpedfroma fightwithinthevillageinwhichtherivalwasw ounded; , , , ,however,thingstakeona ~ ,nordiditreactdirectly-it_hagtobemobiliz edbya publicstatementofthecrimeandby-insultsbe inghurledattheculpritbyaninterestedparty .
