OXFORD PAPERBACK REFERENCE - fd.unl.pt

1 OXFORDPAPERBACKREFERENCEA MusicAccountingAllusionsArchaeologyArchi tectureArt andArtistsArt TermsAstronomyBetterWordpowerBibleBiolog yBritishHistoryBritishPlace-NamesBuddhis m'BusinessCard GamesCatchphrasesCelticMythologyChemistr yChristianArtChristianChurchChronologyof EnglishLiterature'ClassicalLiteratureCla ssical Myth andReligion'ComputingContemporaryWorldHi storyDanceDatesDynasties oftheWorldEarthSciencesEcologyEconomicsE ncyclopediaEngineering'EnglishEtymologyE nglishFolkloreEnglishGrammarEnglishLangu ageEnglishLiteratureEuphemismsEverydayGr ammarFinanceandBankingFirst NamesFood andDrinkFood andNutritionForeign WordsandPhrasesGeographyHandbookoftheWor ldHumorousQuotationsIdiomsInternetIslamI rishLiteratureJewishReligionKingsandQuee nsofBritainLanguageToolkitLawLinguistics LiteraryQuotationsLiteraryTermsLocalandF amilyHistoryLondonPlace-NamesMathematics MedicalMedicinalDrugsModernDesign*Modern SlangMusicMusical TermsMusical WorksNursingOlogies and IsmsPhilosophyPhraseand FablePhysicsPlantSciencesPlays'Pocket Fowler'sModernEnglishUsagePoliticalQuota tionsPoliticsPopesProverbsPsychologyQuot ationsQuotationsbySubjectReverseDictiona ryRhymingSlangSaintsScienceShakespeareSl angSociologyStatisticsSynonymsandAntonym sTwentieth-CenturyArtWeatherWeights,Meas ures, and UnitsWordHistoriesWorldHistoryWorldMytho logyWorldPlace-Names'World ReligionsZoology'forthcomingA , Oxfordoxa sm-OxfordUniversityPress is adepartmentoftheUniversityof '.

2 AndeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfor d New YorkAucklandBangkok Buenos Aires Cape TownChennaiDar es Saiaam Delhi Hong KongIstanbulKarachi KolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexico CityMumbaiNairobiSaoPauioShanghaiTaipei TokyoTorontoOxford is aregisteredtrade markofOxfordUniversityPressin the UK and incertainothercountries MarketHouse Books Ltd1983,1990,1994,1997,2002,2003 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserte dDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress (maker)Firstpublished1983 asAConciseDictionaryoflawSecondedition19 90 Thirdedition1994 Reissuedinnewcoverswithcorrections1996 Fourthedition1997 Fifthedition2002 Reissued with new covers 2003 Allrightsreserved. Nopartof thispubiicationmay bereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in any form or by anymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwrit ingof OxfordUniversityPress,or asexpresslypermittedby law, of the aboveshouldbesentto the RightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress, at the address aboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookin anyotherbindingorcoverand youmustimposethissameconditionon anyacquirerBritish LibraryCataioguinginPublicationDataDataa vailableLibrary of CongressCataioginginPublicationDataDataa vailableISBN0-19-860756-36 Typeset in Swift byMarketHouse BooksLtd,Printedin Great Britain byClays Ltd, St Ives picPrefaceThisdictionaryhasbeenwrittenby isintendedprimarilyforthosewithoutaquali ficationin lawwhoneverthelessrequiresomelegallmowle dgeinthecourseoftheirwork.

3 Charteredsurveyorsandaccountants,civilse rvantsandlocal-governmentofficers, socialworkersandprobationofficers, aswellasbusinessmenandlegalsecretariesar etypicalexamplesofthosewhoseworkoftencal ls for aknowledgeoftheprecisemeaning(and spelling)ofa ,therefore,beginswitha cleardefinitionoftheentryword(or words) and, inmostcases, isfollowedby ,withouttheunnecessaryuseoflegaljargon,t hebookwill also beofconsiderablevaluetomembersofthepubli cwhocomeintocontactwiththelawandlawyers- housebuyers,motorists,andhirepurchasersa reamongthosewhocannotescapetheeffectsofl egislationortheuniqueprosestyle inwhichitis years sincethelasteditionofthedictionarywaspub lishedtherehavebeenradicalchangesintheEn glishlegalsystem,mostnotablyintheareasof civilprocedure(resultingfromtheAccess toJusticeAct 1999andtheCivilProcedureRules -theso-called'WoolfReforms')andhumanrigh tslaw(broughtaboutbytheHumanRights Act 1998).

4 Forceatthetimeofpublication, (*)placedbeforeawordina definitionindicatesthatadditionalrelevan tinformationwill ,indicatingeitherthattheyaresynonymsorab breviationsorthattheyaremostconveniently explained,togetherwithrelatedterms,in oneofthedictionary' useofthepronoun'he'(ratherthan'heor she') inentrieshasbeenadoptedtosimplifythecons tructionofsentences;it (axon)ContributorsfortheFifthEditionOwai nBlackwellBA, LLM(Nottm)SeniorLecturerinLaw,Buckingham shireChilternsUniversityCollegeSandraCla rkeMA(axon)Barrister;SeniorLecturerinLaw ,UniversityofGreenwichKimEverettLLBS eniorLecturerinLaw,UniversityofGreenwich MartinFitzgeraldMSc(Social Research),LLB,PGCES olicitor;PrincipalLecturerinLaw, ,UniversityofGreenwichSarahGreerMA(Canta b],ACAS eniorLecturerinLaw,UniversityofGreenwich JohnHarderBSc,LLB,DPhilSeniorLecturerinL aw,UniversityofGreenwichP.)

5 D. ;LecturerinLaw,UniversityofGreenwichEdwa rdPhillipsLLB(Mal),BCL(axon)PrincipalLec turerinLaw,UniversityofGreenwichGaryShie ldsBSc, ACI!,LLM,CertEdPrincipalLecturerinLaw, (axon) (London),MSc(Surrey)Solicitor;Directorof LibertyMargaretWhybrowLLBB arrister,SeniorLecturerin Law, , , MABarrister;Fellowand TutorinLaw,JesusCollege,OxfordLetitia CrabbLLB(Wales),LLM(London)Solicitor;Lec turerinLaw,UniversityCollegeofWales, DaviesLLB,MA, BCLF ellowofBrasenoseCollege, DavisMA, (Melb.),MA(axon)FellowofMagdalenCollege, OxfordJudithLewisLLBS olicitorKeithUffMA,BCL(axon)LecturerinLa w, act ofgivingup a legalright, nullius(athingbelongingto no one),andapersontakingpossessionof can beestablishedthattheoriginalownerhasdisc ardedit and isindifferentas towhatbecomesof it:suchanitemcannotbethesubjectof ,propertyplaced by itsownerin adustbinisnotabandoned, ,abandonmentisthesurrenderof allrightsto a ship orcargoin a case of*constructivetotalloss.

6 Theinsuredpersonmustdothisbygivingtheins urerwithina reasonabletimeanoticeofabandonment,bywhi chherelinquishesall hisrightstotheship orcargototheinsurerandcantreattheloss as if civillitigation,therelinquishingofthewho leorpartoftheclaimmade in anactionor of an appeal. Anyclaimis nowconsideredto beabandonedonce a*noticeofdiscontinuanceis served,accordingtorule38(1)ofthe* aparentorguardianleavinga childundertheage of 16 to its fate. Achildisnotregardedasabandonediftheparen tknowsandapprovesstepssomeoneelse istakingto lookafterit. Thecourtmay allow a child to beadoptedwithouttheconsentof (of debts) Theproportionatereductioninthepaymentofd ebtsthattakesplace if aperson'sassets (of legacies) Thereductionorcancellationof legacieswhentheestateisinsufficientto cover allthelegaciesprovidedforinthewill or onintestacyafterpaymentofthedeceased'sde bts.

7 TheAdministrationofEstatesAct 1925providesthatgenerallegacies,unlessgi ventosatisfyadebtorforotherconsideration ,abateinproportiontotheamountsofthoseleg acies;specificanddemonstrativelegaciesth enabateiftheestateisstillinsufficientto pay alldebts,and ademonstrativelegacy alsoabatesifthespecifiedfundisinsufficie ntto cover it. Forexample,A'sestatemaycomprisea painting, 300 in his savingsaccount,and 700 inothermoney;therearedebtsof 100buthis will leavesthepaintingto B, 500fromthesavingsaccounttoC. 800 to D, and 200 to E. B willreceivethepainting,C'sdemonstrativel egacyabatesto 300,andafterthedebtsare paidfromtheremaining 700, D's and E'sgenerallegaciesabateproportionately,t o 480 and ,thegeneralruleisthattheyarevaluedatthed ateofthetestator'sdeath,thenabateproport ionatelyinaccordancewiththatvaluation,an d eachannuitantreceivestheabatedsum.

8 Alltheserulesaresubjectto (in land law) Anyreductionorcancellationofmoneypayable . Forexamplea leasemayprovideforanabatementofrentincer taincircumstances, ifthebuildingis destroyedbyfire,and apurchaseroflandmayclaim anabatementofthepriceiftheseller canprovehisownershipof onlypartofthelandhecontractedto (ofnuisances)Thetermination,removal,orde structionof a* anuisancehas arighttoabateit. Indoingso, hemustnotdomoredamagethanis necessaryand, ifremovalofthenuisancerequiresentryon tothepropertyfromwhichitemanates,hemayha ve to localauthoritycan (ofproceedings)Theabduction23abstractoft itleterminationof civilproceedingsbyoperationof law,causedby achangeofinterestorstatus( death) of one of thepartiesfrombringingfreshproceedingsin respectofthesame cause of action. Pleasinabatementhave been abolished; inmodernpracticeanychangeofinterestorsta tusof thepartiesdoes notaffectthevalidityoftheproceedings,pro videdthatthe cause age of 16fromthepossession ofherparentsorguardiansagainsttheirwill.

9 It is nodefencethatthegirllooked and acted asifshe was over 16 orthatshe was to be proved. It is also anoffencetoabductanunmarriedgirlunderthe age of 18 or amentallydefectivewoman(marriedorunmarri ed) this case adefendantcan pleadthathehadreasonablegroundsforbeliev ingthatthe girl was over 18, orthathe didnotknowthewomanwasmentallydefective, also anoffencetoabductanywomanwiththeintentio nthatsheshouldmarryor haveunlawfulsexualintercoursewithsomeone , if it is done by force or forthesake isalso anoffenceforaparentorguardianof a childunder16 totakeor sendhimoutoftheUKwithouttheconsentof orwouldhaveconsentedis a also anoffencefor anyotherpersontoremoveor keep such a child,withoutlawfulauthorityorreasonable excuse,fromthepersonwithlawfulcontrolof childwas 16 is AND apregnancy.

10 A miscarriageortheprematureexpulsionof anoffencetoinduceorattempttoinduceanabor tionunless thetermsoftheAbortionAct 1967 and only beterminatedby aregisteredmedicalpractitioner,and tworegisteredmedicalpractitionersmustagr eethatit is necessary, forexamplebecause(1)continuationofthepre gnancywouldinvolve a risk tothelife or physical ormentalhealthofthepregnantwoman(or ofotherchildrenof hers)thatisgreaterthantherisk ofterminatingthepregnancy,or (2)thatthereis asubstantialriskthatthechild will bebornwitha seriousphysical ,doctorsarenotobligedtoperformabortionsi ftheycanprovethattheyhave aconscientiousobjectionto so doing. Ahusbandcannotpreventhiswifehavingalegal abortionif she so apersontosurrendertothecustodyof acourtinorderto avoid TO (incourtprocedure)Thenonappearanceof apartytolitigationor apersonsummonedtoattendas ; CHILD SUPPORT made thesubjectofanactionfor*defamationbecaus e it was made inParliament,inpapersorderedtobepublishe dbyeitherHouse ofParliament,injudicialproceedingsor afairandaccuratenewspaperorbroadcastrepo rtofjudicialproceedings,or in ,thedefenceis alsoavailableforthosereportingproceeding softheEuropeanCourtof Act theabsol~teprivilegeaccordedtostatements orproceedingsinParli~mentm~ybe waived.