Physics for Scientists & Engineers & Modern Physics, 9th Ed

1 Linear or rotational motion directionsDimensional rotational arrowEnlargement arrowSpringsPulleysObjectsImagesLight rayFocal light rayCentral light rayConverging lensDiverging lensMirrorCurved mirrorLight and OpticsCapacitorsGround symbolCurrentAC SourcesLightbulbsAmmetersVoltmetersInduc tors (coils)WengQcQhLinear (v) and angular ()velocity vectorsVelocity component vectorsDisplacement and position vectorsDisplacement and position component vectorsForce vectors ()Force component vectorsAcceleration vectors ()Acceleration component vectorsEnergy transfer arrowsMechanics and ThermodynamicsSFS aSLinear () and angular ()momentum vectorspS LSLinear and angular momentumcomponent vectorsTorque vectors ()tSTorque componentvectorsvSElectricity and MagnetismElectric fieldsElectric field vectorsElectric field component vectorsMagnetic fieldsMagnetic field vectorsMagnetic field component vectorsPositive chargesNegative chargesResistorsBatteries and otherDC power suppliesSwitches VAProcess arrowPedagogical Color ChartPedagogical Color Physical ConstantsQuantitySymbolValueaAtomic mass unit u 538 782 (83) 3 10227 028 (23) MeV/c2 Avogadro s number NA 141 79 (30) 3 1023 particles/molBohr magneton mB 009 15 (23) 3 10224 J/TBohr radius a0 772 085 9 (36) 3 10211 mBoltzmann s constant 650 4 (24) 3 10223 J/KCompton wavelength lC 5hmec 310 217 5 (33) 3 10212 mCoulomb constant ke 551 788.

2 3 109 N ? m2/C2 (ex act)Deuteron mass md 583 20 (17) 3 10227 553 212 724 (78) uElectron mass me 382 15 (45) 3 10231 799 094 3 (23) 3 1024 998 910 (13) MeV/c2 Electron volt eV 176 487 (40) 3 10219 JElementary charge e 176 487 (40) 3 10219 CGas constant R 472 (15) J/mol ? KGravitational constant G 28 (67) 3 10211 N ? m2/kg2 Neutron mass mn 927 211 (84) 3 10227 664 915 97 (43) 346 (23) MeV/c2 Nuclear magneton mn 783 24 (13) 3 10227 J/TPermeability of free space m04p 3 1027 T ? m/A (exact)Permittivity of free space P0 187 817 .. 3 10212 C2/N ? m2 (ex act)Planck s constant h 068 96 (33) 3 10234 J ? 571 628 (53) 3 10234 J ? sProton mass mp 621 637 (83) 3 10227 276 466 77 (10) 013 (23) MeV/c2 Rydberg constant RH 373 156 852 7 (73) 3 107 m21 Speed of light in vacuum c 924 58 3 108 m/s (exact)Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2006 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements.

3 For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr, B. N. Taylor, and D. B. Newell, CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80:2, 633 730, numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two System DataMean Radius Mean Distance fromBody Mass (kg) (m) Period (s) the Sun (m) 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1012 Moon7. 35 3 3 106 3 3 108 aIn August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight planets. Pluto is now defined as a dwarf planet (like the asteroid Ceres).Physical Data Often UsedAverage Earth Moon distance 3 108 mAverage Earth Sun distance 3 1011 mAverage radius of the Earth 3 106 mDensity of air (208C and 1 atm) kg/m3 Density of air (0 C and 1 atm) kg/m3 Density of water (208C and 1 atm) 3 103 kg/m3 Free-fall acceleration m/s2 Mass of the Earth 3 1024 kgMass of the Moon 3 1022 kgMass of the Sun 3 1030 kgStandard atmospheric pressure 3 105 PaNote: These values are the ones used in the Prefixes for Powers of TenPower PrefixAbbreviationPowerPrefixAbbreviatio n 10224yoctoy101dekada 10221zeptoz102hectoh 10218attoa103kilok 10215femtof106megaM 10212picop109gigaG 1029nanon1012teraT 1026microm1015petaP 1023millim1018exaE 1022centic1021zettaZ A.

4 SerwayEmeritus, James Madison UniversityJohn W. Jewett, , California State Polytechnic University, PomonaWith contributions from Vah Peroomian, University of California at Los AngelesAustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United StatesNiNth EditioNPhysicsfor Scientists and Engineerswith Modern Physics Ashley Cooper/CorbisAbout the Cover The cover shows a view inside the new railway departures concourse opened in March 2012 at the Kings Cross Station in London. The wall of the older structure (completed in 1852) is visible at the left. The sweeping shell-like roof is claimed by the architect to be the largest single-span station structure in Europe. Many principles of Physics are required to design and construct such an open semicircular roof with a radius of 74 meters and containing over 2 000 triangular panels. Other principles of Physics are necessary to develop the lighting design, optimize the acoustics, and integrate the new structure with existing infrastructure, historic buildings, and railway platforms.

5 , 2010, 2008 by Raymond A. SerwayNO RIGHTS RESERVED. Any part of this work may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written permission of the of Congress Control Number: 2012947242 ISBN-13: 978-1-133-95405-7 ISBN-10: 1-133-95405-7 Brooks/Cole 20 Channel Center StreetBoston, MA 02210 USAP hysics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics , Ninth EditionRaymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Publisher, Physical Sciences: Mary FinchPublisher, Physics and Astronomy: Charlie HartfordDevelopment Editor: Ed DoddAssistant Editor: Brandi KirkseyEditorial Assistant: Brendan KillionMedia Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz Brand Manager: Nicole HammMarketing Communications Manager: Linda YipSenior Marketing Development Manager: Tom ZiolkowskiContent Project Manager: Alison Eigel ZadeSenior Art Director: Cate BarrManufacturing Planner: Sandee MilewskiRights Acquisition Specialist: Shalice Shah-CaldwellProduction Service: Lachina Publishing ServicesText and Cover Designer: Roy NeuhausCover Image: The new Kings Cross railway station, London, UKCover Image Credit: Ashley Cooper/CorbisCompositor.

6 Lachina Publishing ServicesPrinted in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12We dedicate this book to our wives, Elizabeth and Lisa, and all our children and grandchildren for their loving understanding when we spent time on writing instead of being with ContentsparT1 Mechanics 11 Physics and Measurement 2 2 Motion in One Dimension 21 3 Vectors 59 4 Motion in Two Dimensions 78 5 The Laws of Motion 111 6 Circular Motion and Other Applicationsof Newton s Laws 150 7 Energy of a System 177 8 Conservation of Energy 211 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions 247 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object Abouta Fixed Axis 293 11 Angular Momentum 335 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 363 13 Universal Gravitation 388 14 Fluid Mechanics 417parT2 Oscillations and Mechanical Waves 449 15 Oscillatory Motion 450 16 Wave Motion 483 17 Sound Waves 507 18 Superposition and Standing Waves 533parT3 Thermodynamics 567 19 Temperature 568 20 The First Law of Thermodynamics 590 21 The

7 Kinetic Theory of Gases 626 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Lawof Thermodynamics 653parT4 Electricity and Magnetism 689 23 Electric Fields 690 24 Gauss s Law 725 25 Electric Potential 746 26 Capacitance and Dielectrics 777 27 Current and Resistance 808 28 Direct-Current Circuits 833 29 Magnetic Fields 868 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field 904 31 Faraday s Law 935 32 Inductance 970 33 Alternating-Current Circuits 998 34 Electromagnetic Waves 1030parT5 Light and Optics 1057 35 The Nature of Light and the Principlesof Ray Optics 1058 36 Image Formation 1090 37 Wave Optics 1134 38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 1160parT6 Modern Physics 11 91 39 Relativity 1192 40 introduction to Quantum Physics 1233 41 Quantum Mechanics 1267 42 Atomic Physics 1296 43 Molecules and Solids 1340 44 Nuclear Structure 1380 45 Applications of Nuclear Physics 1418 46 Particle Physics and cosmology the Authors

8 ViiiPreface ixTo the Student xxxparT1 Mechanics 1 1 Physics and Measurement Standards of Length, Mass, and Time Matter and Model Building Dimensional Analysis Conversion of Units Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations Significant Figures 11 2 Motion in One Dimension Position, Velocity, and Speed Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity Acceleration Motion Diagrams Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration Freely Falling Objects Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus 43 3 Vectors Coordinate Systems Vector and Scalar Quantities Some Properties of Vectors Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 65 4 Motion in Two Dimensions The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration Projectile Motion Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Tangential and Radial Acceleration Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration 96 5 The Laws of Motion The Concept of Force Newton s First Law and Inertial Frames Mass Newton s Second Law The Gravitational Force and Weight Newton s Third Law Analysis Models Using Newton s Second Law Forces of Friction 130 6 Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton s Laws Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model Nonuniform Circular Motion Motion in Accelerated Frames Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 161 7 Energy of a System Systems and Environments Work Done by a Constant Force The Scalar Product of Two Vectors Work Done by a Varying Force Kinetic Energy and the Work Kinetic Energy Theorem Potential Energy of a System Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Relationship Between

9 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System 199 8 Conservation of Energy Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy) Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy) Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces Power 232 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions Linear Momentum Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum) Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum) Collisions in One Dimension Collisions in Two Dimensions The Center of Mass Systems of Many Particles Deformable Systems Rocket Propulsion 277 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration Angular and Translational Quantities 298 Torque Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque Calculation of Moments of Inertia Rotational Kinetic Energy Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object 316 11 Angular Momentum The Vector Product and Torque Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum) Contents Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum) The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops 350 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium More on the Center of Gravity Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium Elastic Properties of Solids 373 13 Universal Gravitation Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force Analysis Model.

10 Particle in a Field (Gravitational) Kepler s Laws and the Motion of Planets Gravitational Potential Energy Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion 402 14 Fluid Mechanics 417 Pressure Variation of Pressure with Depth Pressure Measurements Buoyant Forces and Archimedes s Principle Fluid Dynamics Bernoulli s Equation Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 433parT2 Oscillations and Mechanical Waves 449 15 Oscillatory Motion Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion The Pendulum Damped Oscillations Forced Oscillations 469 16 Wave Motion Propagation of a Disturbance Analysis Model: Traveling Wave The Speed of Waves on Strings Reflection and Transmission Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings The Linear Wave Equation 497 17 Sound Waves Pressure Variations in Sound Waves Speed of Sound Waves Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves The Doppler Effect 517 18 Superposition and Standing Waves Analysis Model: Waves in Interference Standing Waves Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions 541 Resonance Standing Waves in Air Columns Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes Beats.