Transcription of PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL
1 PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL Written by the members of Department of PHYSIOLOGY and Neurobiology, E tv s Lor nd University Authors S ndor Borb ly, L szl D t ri, T nde Hajnik, Katalin Schlett, Kriszti n,T rnok Attila T th, Petra Varr , Ildik Vil gi Editor Ildik Vil gi Reviewer J zsef Toldi 2013 Budapest 2 Contents 1. RULES FOR LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS .. 5 BASIC REGULATIONS DURING THE PRACTICAL .. 5 Protection of life .. 5 Protection of health .. 5 Other safety regulations .. 6 RULES OF EXPERIMENTS ON HUMANS .. 6 RULES OF EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS .. 6 REGULATIONS FOR THE USE OF THE INTERNET .. 7 2. INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIVE SURGERY .. 8 ANAESTHESIA AND PAIN RELIEF.
2 8 IMMOBILIZATION OF THE ANIMAL .. 9 INJECTIONS .. 10 PREPARATION OF THE AREA OF THE OPERATION .. 11 TYPES OF OPERATION .. 11 PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS .. 12 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS .. 13 GENERAL DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL SURGERY .. 15 15 WOUND CLOSURE: SUTURES AND STAPLES .. 16 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .. 16 3. BIOPAC STUDENT LAB (BSL) SYSTEM .. 17 PARTS OF THE SYSTEM (MP30/35/36) .. 17 DATA ACQUISITION WITH THE BSL 17 DATA ANALYSIS .. 18 4. ANALYSIS OF HUMAN 22 INTRODUCTION .. 22 of blood .. 22 Hemostasis .. 24 Blood groups and blood types .. 25 Blood typing .. 27 Materials needed .. 27 Drawing blood from the finger .. 27 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BLOOD.
3 28 How to use the pipettes .. 28 How to make dilutions .. 29 How to count the cells .. 29 DETERMINATION OF THE ABO AND RH BLOOD 30 DETERMINATION OF BLEEDING AND CLOTTING TIME .. 31 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BLOOD SMEAR .. 31 5. HUMAN ELECTRO-CARDIOGRAPHY (ECG) AND ANALYSIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM .. 32 INTRODUCTION .. 32 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) USING THE BIOPAC SYSTEM .. 37 Investigating the effect of body position .. 39 Investigating cardiovascular reflexes .. 39 Investigating the effects of exercise .. 40 Data analysis .. 40 ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BLOOD PRESSURE .. 42 6. INVESTIGATING THE HUMAN RESPIRATION .. 44 INTRODUCTION.
4 44 The respiratory system .. 44 the respiratory function .. 45 Control of respiration .. 48 INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN PULMONARY FUNCTION .. 49 Task 1 Measurement of Static (Inspirational) Vital Capacity .. 51 3 Task 2 - Forced inspiration/expiration - dynamic recordings .. 52 Task 3 - Measurement of maximal voluntary ventilation (MMV) .. 53 ANALYZING CO2 CONTENT OF EXHALED AIR WITH THE M LLER S METHOD .. 54 7. INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTIONS .. 56 INTRODUCTION .. 56 Control of muscle activity and tension .. 56 Fatigue .. 58 MONITORING OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY BY ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG) .. 58 MEASURING MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT AND MUSCLE 59 8.
5 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS .. 63 INTRODUCTION .. 63 PREGNANCY TESTS .. 64 Rapid immunological assay determining human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) .. 65 DETERMINING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL .. 65 Automated blood glucose meters (glucometers) .. 66 Calibration of blood glucose meters .. 67 How to use blood glucose meters .. 67 Tasks to be carried out .. 68 9. INVESTIGATING HUMAN PERCEPTION PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS .. 69 INTRODUCTION .. 69 INVESTIGATIONS OF HEARING .. 72 EXPERIMENTS ON THE HEARING SYSTEM .. 77 Pure tone audiometry (PTA) .. 77 Sound localization test .. 78 Rinne tuning fork test .. 79 Steps of the experiment: .. 79 SOMETOSENSORY RECEPTORS.
6 80 Examination of tactile receptors and thermoreceptors of the skin.. 83 INVESTIGATING VISION - I. THE OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE EYE AND THE RETINA .. 85 Purkinje s blood vessel shadow experiment .. 87 Ophthalmoscopy on an artificial eye model.. 88 Determination of visual acuity with Snellen s charts .. 89 Examination of astigmatism .. 91 Determination of the field of vision .. 92 Characterization of the blind spot .. 93 Investigating colour vision .. 94 ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY (EOG) WITH THE BIOPAC RECORDING SYSTEM .. 95 Examination of slow tracking eye movements .. 97 Examination of saccadic eye movements during reading .. 97 Eye tracking - examination of fixation patterns.
7 97 10. EXAMINATION OF BIOLECTRICAL SIGNALS ACCOMPANYING BRAIN FUNCTION (EEG) 99 INTRODUCTION .. 99 HUMAN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY .. 101 SINGLE-CHANNEL HUMAN EEG RECORDING USING BIOPAC STUDENT LAB SYSTEM .. 104 EXAMINATION OF PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AND PRINTED EEG CURVES .. 108 11. ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOUR AND LEARNING .. 113 INTRODUCTION .. 113 INVESTIGATION OF SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOUR UNDER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS.. 114 open-field test .. 115 UNEXPECTED STIMULI, EFFECT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION.. 116 reaction .. 117 Y-MAZE TEST .. 117 OPERANT CONDITIONING .. 118 MAZE (LABYRINTH) TEST WITH HUNGRY MICE .. 119 12. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
8 121 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES .. 121 Quantitative aspects of drug 121 4 Drug application .. 122 Absorption, therapeutic window .. 122 Bioavailability .. 123 Distribution .. 124 Drug metabolism, elimination half-life .. 124 Excretion, elimination kinetics .. 125 DRUG DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS .. 125 Altering brain functions by chemicals .. 125 Classification of agents acting on the central nervous system and their mechanisms of action 126 RAPID SCREENING OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVE DRUGS .. 128 13. POLYGRAPHIC RECORDING AND BIOFEEDBACK .. 132 INTRODUCTION .. 132 HUMAN POLYGRAPHY AND BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING .. 133 Experimental methods of polygraphy.
9 134 Experimental methods of biofeedback experiment .. 136 14. APPENDIX .. 140 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE USED PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MATHEMATICAL UNITS, CONCEPTS AND 140 FAST FOURIER-TRANSFORMATION: .. 144 DETERMINATION OF SENSORY THRESHOLDS .. 144 TEXTS FOR THE OCULOGRAM .. 146 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BLOOD - DETERMINING BLOOD GROUP TYPE AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL .. 149 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY - EFFECTS OF BODY POSTURE, BREATHING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CIRCULATORY REFLEXES ON HEART FUNCTION .. 154 BLOOD PRESSURE MEASURING .. 156 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS - EFFECT OF BODY POSITION AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE.
10 164 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: INVESTIGATING HUMAN RESPIRATION (SPIROMETRY) - ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF THE PULMONARY FUNCTIONS .. 169 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (DYNAMOMETRY) - MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT AND FATIGUE .. 177 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: HUMAN PERCEPTION - TESTING HUMAN VISION, HEARING, TACTILE AND THERMAL SENSATION .. 184 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) EXAMINATION OF CHANGES IN THE BETA- AND ALPHA ACTIVITY .. 195 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: STUDYING ANIMAL BEHAVIOR - EXAMINATION OF ANIMAL LEARNING AND BEHAVIOUR .. 202 DATA REPORT AND EVALUATION: INVESTIGATING DRUG-MEDIATED EFFECTS ON ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR - IRWIN'S ACTIVITY TEST.
