Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques ...

1 Plant BIOTECHNOLOGYAND GENETICSPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGYAND Genetics: principles , Techniques , andApplicationsEdited byC. Neal Stewart, of TennesseeKnoxville, TennesseeCopyright#2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted underSections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the PermissionsDepartment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2 , 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008,or online at of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness ofthe contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for aparticular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with aprofessional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any othercommercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at(317) 572-3993 or fax (317) also publishes its books in variety of electronic formats.

3 Some content that appears in print may not beavailable in electronic format. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Stewart, C. Biotechnology and genetics: principles , Techniques and applications/C. Neal Stewart, 978-0-470-04381-3 (cloth/cd)1. Plant Biotechnology . 2. Plant genetics. 3. Transgenic plants . I. dc222008002719 Printed in the United States of America10987654321 This book is dedicated to both the pioneers andthe students of Plant Biotechnology &CONTENTSP refacexviiForeword to Plant Biotechnology and GeneticsxixContributorsxxiii1. Plant Agriculture: The Impact of Biotechnology1 Graham Chapter Summary and Discussion Biotechnology Crops Why Farmers Use Biotech Herbicide-Tolerant Insect-Resistant How the Adoption of Plant Biotechnology Has Impacted the Environmental Impacts from Changes in Insecticide and Herbicide Impact on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Conclusions14 References192.

4 Mendelian Genetics and Plant Reproduction21 Matthew D. Halfhill and Suzanne I. Chapter Summary and Discussion Genetics Mendelian Law of Law of Independent Mitosis and Cytogenetic Plant Reproductive History of Mating Sexual Asexual Mating Systems Hybridization and Conclusion41 References453. Plant Breeding47 Nicholas A. Chapter Summary and Discussion Central Concepts in Plant Simple versus Complex Phenotype versus Mating Systems, Varieties, Landraces, and Pure Other Topics in Population and quantitative The Value of a Plant Variety Depends on Many Varieties Must Be Adapted to Plant Breeding Is a Numbers Plant Breeding Is an Iterative and Collaborative Diversity, Adaptation, and Other Objectives for Plant Methods of Plant Methods of Self-Pollinated Outcrossing Synthetic Hybrid Clonally Propagated Breeding Doubled Marker-Assisted Mutation Conclusions77 References824.

5 Plant Development and Physiology83 Glenda E. Chapter Summary and Discussion Plant Anatomy and Embryogenesis and Seed Fruit Seed Shoot Apical Root Apical Meristem and Root Leaf Leaf Leaf Development Flower Floral Floral Organ Identity and the ABC Hormone Physiology and Signal Seven Plant Hormones and Their Plant Hormone Signal Auxin and GA Cytokinin and Ethylene Brassinosteroid Signal Conclusions106 References1105. Tissue Culture: The Manipulation of Plant Development113 Vinitha Chapter Summary and Discussion Media and Culture Basal Growth Sterile Clean Surface Sterilization of Culture Conditions and Culture Types and Their Callus Somaclonal Cell Suspension Production of Secondary Metabolites andRecombinant Proteins Using Cell Anther/Microspore Protoplast Somatic Embryo Meristem Regeneration Methods of plants in Indirect Direct Somatic Synthetic Rooting of Conclusions128 Acknowledgments128 References1326.

6 Molecular Genetics of Gene Expression135 Maria Gallo and Alison K. Chapter Summary and Discussion The DNA Coding for a Protein via the DNA as a DNA Packaging into Eukaryotic Transcription of DNA to Produce Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transcription Coordinated Regulation of Gene Chromatin as an Important Regulator of Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Processing to Produce Mature Initiation of Translation Translation Protein Postranslational Modification152 References1567. Recombinant DNA, Vector Design, and Construction159 Mark D. Chapter Summary and Discussion DNA DNA DNA Vectors for Plant Components for Efficient Gene Expression in Greater Demands Lead to Site-Specific DNA Gateway Univector (EchoTM) Vector Vectors for High-Throughput Functional Vectors for RNA Interference (RNAi) Expression Vectors for Promoter Vectors Derived from Plant Vectors for Multigenic Targeted Transgene Safety Features in Vector Prospects188 References1908.

7 Genes and Traits of Interest for Transgenic Plants193 Kenneth L. Chapter Summary and Discussion Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomic Traits for Improved Crop Herbicide Insect Pathogen Traits for Improved Products and Food Nutritional Modified Plant Pharmaceutical Conclusions210 References2169. Marker Genes and Promoters217 Brian Chapter Summary and Discussion Definition of Marker Selectable Marker Genes: An Reporter Genes: An Selectable Marker Conditional Positive Selectable Marker Gene Selection on Selection on Selection Using Nontoxic Metabolic Nonconditional Positive Selection Conditional Negative Selection Nonconditional Negative Selection Nonselectable Marker Genes or Reporter Green Fluorescent Marker-Free Conclusions237 References24210. Transgenic Plant Production245 John Finer and Taniya Chapter Summary and Discussion Basic Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plant Visualizing the General Transformation DNA Target Tissue Selection and History of Our Knowledge Use of the T-DNA Transfer Process for Optimizing Delivery and Broadening the Range of Arabidopsis Floral Particle History of Particle The Fate of Introduced The Power and Problems of Direct DNA Improvements in Transgene Other The Need for Additional Whole-Tissue Silicon Carbide Viral Laser Nanofiber The Rush to Controversial Reports of Plant DNA Uptake in Transformation of Maize Pollen Tube Rye Floral Tiller Electrotransformation of Germinating Pollen via Seedling Criteria to Consider.

8 Whether My Plant Is Resistance Marker Transgene A Look to the Future269 References27211. Transgenic Plant Analysis275 Janice Chapter Summary and Discussion Directionally Named Analyses: As the Compass Initial Screens: Putative Transgenic Screens on Selection Polymerase Chain Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) Definitive Molecular Intact Transgene Determining the Presence of Intact Transgenes or Transgene Expression: Northern Blot quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Transgene Expression: Translation: Western Blot Digital Phenotypic Conclusions288 References28812. Regulations and Biosafety291 Alan Chapter Summary and Discussion History of genetic Engineering and its Regulation of United International Conclusions302 References30913. Field Testing of Transgenic Plants311 Detlef Bartsch, Achim Gathmann, Christiane Saeglitz, and Arti Chapter Summary and Discussion Environmental Risk Assessment (Era) Initial Evaluation (ERA Step 1) Problem Formulation (ERA Step 2) Controlled Experiments and Gathering of Information(ERA Step 3) Risk Evaluation (ERA Step 4) Progression through a Tiered Risk An Example Risk Assessment: The Case of Bt Effect of Bt Maize Pollen on Nontarget Statistical Analysis and Relevance for PredictingPotential Adverse Effects on Proof of Safety versus Proof of Proof of Benefits: Agronomic Conclusions320 References32314.

9 Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology : Strategies for Open Access325 Alan B. Bennett, Cecilia Chi-Ham, Gregory Graff, and Sara Chapter Summary and Discussion Intellectual Property Intellectual Property in Relation to Agricultural Development of an Anticommons in Agricultural Transformation Selectable Constitutive Tissue- or Development-Specific Subcellular Freedom to Operate (FTO) Strategies for Open Conclusions338 References339xivCONTENTS15. WhyTransgenicPlants Are So Controversial343 Douglas Chapter Summary and Discussion The Frankenstein Agricultural Innovations and Perceptions of Responses to Feeding Fear: Case Pusztai s Monarch Butterfly How Many Benefits are Continuing Process versus Health Environmental Consumer Business and Conclusions354 References35416. The Future of Plant Biotechnology357C.

10 Neal Stewart, Jr. and David W. Chapter Summary and Discussion Site-Specific Recombination Systems to Provide Increased Removal of DNA from Transgenic plants or Plant More Precise Integration of Zinc-Finger The Future of Food (and Fuel and Pharmaceuticals) Conclusions365 References368 Index371 CONTENTSxv& thing led to department at the University of Tennessee decided to offer a Plant biotechnologyconcentration to the Plant Science undergraduate major. I thought that was a really goodidea. But we were missing a key course a capstone course to integrate Plant biotechnologygenetics and breeding. I think that Plant Biotechnology only makes sense in the backdrop ofgenetics and breeding. So I volunteered to teach such a course. I soon found out that notonly were we missing the course, but also the world was missing a textbook to supportsuch a course. Plenty of good textbooks on Plant Biotechnology are available, but thelevels or contents were not what I envisioned for the course we needed.