Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Social Interaction

1 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology1996, Vol. 71, No. 4, 796-809 Copyright 1996 by the American Psychological Association, affect , Negative affect , and Social InteractionDiane S. Berry and Jane Sherman HansenSouthern Methodist UniversityTwo studies explored the relations of Positive and Negative affect (PA and NA) to Social Study 1, unacquainted dyads were surreptitiously videotaped as they participated in a 6-mininteraction. Participants then evaluated the quality of the Interaction . Independent observers alsorated the videotaped interactions. Trait PA was positively related to both participant and observerevaluations of Interaction quality. In Study 2, undergraduates kept diaries of their Social interactionsfor 1 week. PA was again related to Interaction quality.

2 Both PA and NA were positively related tothe number of interactions in which participants engaged, and the amount of time spent engaged insocial contact, although different types of Social encounters produced these have long been interested in individual differ-ences in people's self-described emotional experience. Researchhas revealed that some people report experiencing greateramounts of Positive emotions than do others and are typicallyreferred to as high- Positive - affect (or high-PA) individuals. Peo-ple who are high in Positive affect are, for example, consistentlymore likely to describe themselves as enthusiastic, confident,and excited than are people who are low in Positive affect . Onthe other hand, some individuals' daily lives are characterizedby greater amounts of Negative affective states than are others,and they are often referred to as high- Negative - affect (or high-NA) people.

3 For example, people who are high in NA are morelikely to describe themselves as guilty, fearful, and nervous thanare low-NA individuals. Although there are fluctuations in thelevels of Positive or Negative affect a given person experiences atdifferent points in time, the stability of self-reports of NA andPA is impressive ( , Watson, 1988a, 1988b). In sum, thereappear to be trait like interindividual differences in people's typ-ical self-reported levels of NA and individual differences in trait NA and PA also seem tounderlie the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extra-version. In particular, self-report measures of NA and neuroti-cism have been repeatedly demonstrated to be highly correlatedwith one another but unrelated to measures of either positiveaffect or extraversion.

4 Similarly, PA and extraversion arestrongly related but are uncorrelated with either NA or neurot-Diane S. Berry and Jane Sherman Hansen, Department of Psychol-ogy, Southern Methodist of these data were presented at the Nags Head Conferenceon Close Relationships, Highland Beach, Florida, June 1994, and atthe meeting of the International Network on Personal Relationships,Williamsburg, Virginia, June 1995. We are grateful to Ephrem Fernan-dez, Jamie Pennebaker, and especially, David Watson for their verythoughtful suggestions on this work. We also thank Gretchen Jones forher assistance with the data collection in Study 1, Julie Landry for col-lecting the diary data featured in Study 2, and Bill Ickes for generouslyproviding advice regarding the data analyses reported in Study concerning this article should be addressed to DianeS.

5 Berry, Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University,Dallas, Texas This pattern of relations has been repeatedly observed( , Costa & McCrae, 1980; Emmons & Diener, 1985; Wat-son, Clark, Mclntyre, & Hamaker, 1992), leading some re-searchers to propose that the personality factors of neuroticismand extraversion stem from stable individual differences in peo-ple's susceptibility to the experience of Negative and positiveaffective states, respectively ( , Watson et al., 1992; Watson &Clark, 1992).One might be inclined to expect substantial covariation be-tween these Positive and Negative emotion traits. For example,clinical depression is characterized by both intense negativefeelings and the marked absence of Positive emotions ( ,Beck, 1967).

6 Similarly, there is a strong Negative correlationbetween observer ratings of the extent to which other peopleexpress Positive and Negative affect (Berry & Pennebaker, 1993,in press; Berry, Pennebaker, & Mueller, 1996). However, re-search has repeatedly established that self-reports of the ten-dency to experience NA and PA within nonclinical populationsare relatively independent, with relations typically in the .1to range ( , Diener & Emmons, 1984; Watson, 1988a,1988b). Thus, people who report that they often feel enthusias-tic, energetic, and excited may or may not often feel quite hos-tile, anxious, and guilty. In fact, this is one of the features thatdistinguishes both Positive affect and Negative affect from di-mensions such as depression (Watson & Clark, 1984).

7 NA andPA have further been found to bear independent relations to avariety of self-report items. For example, NA is related to self-reports of health complaints, whereas PA is not (Watson & Pen-nebaker, 1989). On the other hand, PA is related to self-reportsof Social activity, whereas NA generally is not ( , Watson,1988a; Watson etah, 1992).Several studies have revealed links between Positive affect andsocial activity. Watson (1988a) asked participants to estimatethe number of hours per day that they spent with friends. Mea-sures of their levels of trait NA and PA also were obtained. Anal-yses revealed that trait PA was positively correlated with, andNA was unrelated to, the mean number of hours of daily socialcontact that people reported. In a pair of follow-up studies, Wat-son et al.

8 (1992) assessed the relations between NA and PA andmore specific types of Social activity. In Study 1, participantsfilled out a questionnaire on which they estimated how often796 affect AND INTERACTION797they had participated in each of 15 different kinds of Social ac-tivities during the previous week ( , playing cards, having aconversation). Trait PA was found to be positively related toself-reported frequency of Social activity, whereas trait NA wasunrelated to these measures. In Study 2, participants completeddaily questionnaires on which they indicated the amount oftime that they had spent involved in each of 21 Social , PA was positively related to the amount of various sortsof Social activities in which people engaged. Unexpectedly, NAwas also positively related to self-reported Social data are provocative and raise as many questions asthey answer.

9 First, previous work has largely focused on esti-mates of the amount of time spent in, or the frequency of en-gagement in, Social activity. However, people's Social experi-ences come in very different shapes and sizes, and virtuallynothing is known about possible relations between affect andother aspects of Social Interaction . For example, with whom isthis time spent? Does the correlation between Positive affect andsocial contact mean that high-PA individuals participate in nu-merous same-sex group activities, enjoy long hours in the com-pany of one member of the opposite sex, or both? We also knowvery little about affective style and qualitative aspects of socialinteraction. If NA and PA are basic dimensions of personality,it seems likely that each influences the nature of people's socialexperiences.

10 However, most of the available data focus on therelations of these dimensions to quantitative aspects of socialactivity. In fact, we located only one report that directly exam-ined the links between NA and PA and qualitative assessmentsof people's interactions. Cooper, Okamura, and Gurka (1992)compared people's levels of NA and PA to their general satisfac-tion with their Social activities in two different samples. Theresults were mixed. In one sample, neither measure predictedsatisfaction. In a second sample, PA was positively related to,and NA was negatively related to, reported satisfaction. In sum,little is known about the relation of Positive and Negative affectto either the frequency of different kinds of Social contact or toqualitative aspects of various types of Social second issue that warrants attention is the exploration ofthe mechanisms that may produce links between affect and in-teraction.