Transcription of Qualitative Content Analysis
1 Content Analysis : theoretical foundation,basic procedures and software solutionMayring, PhilippErstver ffentlichung / Primary PublicationMonographie / monographEmpfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation:Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis : theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software :nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173 Nutzungsbedingungen:Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz(Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-K eine Bearbeitung) zurVerf gung gestellt. N here Ausk nfte zu den CC-Lizenzen findenSie hier: of use:This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence(Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives).
2 For more Informationsee: Qualitative Content Analysis Theoretical Foundation, Basic Procedures and Software Solution Philipp Mayring Philipp Mayring: Qualitative Content Analysis . Theoretical Foundation, Basic Procedures and Software Solution Klagenfurt, Austria, 2014 free download pdf-version for print on demand see copyright Philipp Mayring 4 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Research Methods Between Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms .. 6 Science War: Conflicting Paradigms .. 6 Mixed Methods as a Solution? .. 8 Common Research Criteria for Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
3 9 Qualitative Content Analysis as Mixed Methods Approach, Following Common Research Standards .. 10 Basic Research Steps .. 10 2. Overview on Approaches to Text Analysis in Social Sciences .. 16 3. Theoretical Background for a Qualitative Content Analysis .. 18 Communication Science: Quantitative Content Analysis .. 18 Preliminary Phase .. 18 Consolidation Phase .. 19 Fine Developments and Interdisciplinary Expansion .. 19 The Present-day Situation: Discontent Analysis ? .. 20 Basic Techniques of Quantitative Content Analyses .. 22 Human Sciences: Hermeneutics.
4 27 Linguistics: The Structure of Language and Text .. 31 Psychology of Text Processing .. 34 General Psychology: Theories of Categorization .. 37 4. Basics of Qualitative Content Analysis .. 39 Basic Principles and Definition .. 39 Embedding of the material within the communicative context .. 39 Systematic, rule-bound procedure .. 39 Categories in the focus of Analysis .. 40 Object reference in place of formal techniques .. 40 Testing specific instruments via pilot studies .. 41 Theory-guided character of the Analysis .. 41 Integrating quantitative steps of Analysis .
5 41 Quality criteria .. 42 Materials for Qualitative Content Analysis What Could be Analyzed? .. 43 Transcription Systems .. 45 Content -Analytical Context Model .. 48 Content -Analytical Units .. 51 A General Step-by-step Model of Qualitative Content Analysis .. 53 5. 55 Presentation of the Corpus Material .. 55 Defining the Text Material .. 56 Determining the Material .. 56 Analysis of the Circumstances of Origin .. 57 Formal Characteristics of the Material .. 57 Direction of Analysis .. 58 Theory-oriented Differentiation of the Problem.
6 59 Theoretical Differentiation of Sub-issues .. 59 6. Specific Techniques of Qualitative Content Analysis .. 63 Basic Forms of Interpretation .. 63 Summarizing .. 65 Inductive Category Formation .. 79 Explication (Context Analysis ) .. 88 Structuring Deductive Category Assignment .. 95 Mixed Procedures .. 104 5 Content Structuring / Theme Analysis .. 104 Type-building Content Analysis .. 105 Parallel procedures .. 106 7. Quality Criteria of Content Analysis .. 107 Classical Quality Criteria .. 107 Specific Content -analytical Quality Criteria.
7 109 Three Levels of Inter-coder Agreement .. 114 8. Computer Programs for Qualitative Content Analysis .. 116 9. Related text Analysis 123 125 References .. 136 6 1. Introduction: Research Methods Between Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms This introduction criticizes the methodological dichotomization of Qualitative and quantitative research, defines Qualitative Content Analysis as a mixed methods approach (containing Qualitative and quantitative steps of Analysis ) and advocates common research criteria for Qualitative and quantitative research.
8 Finally, a step-by-step model of the ( Qualitative -quantitative) research process is presented. Perhaps, no issue in social sciences contains more differences of opinion than research methodology. And there is perhaps no topic with more importance for scientific work and valid research results than that of adequate research methods. The disagreement about methods between different social science disciplines becomes evident in different forms: In sociology, an interpretive field study orientated tradition and a quantitative survey oriented tradition coexist.
9 In psychology, quantitative experiments for causal inferences are within mainstream whereas Qualitative approaches only occur recently. In economics, case studies were predominant at the time when quantitative economics rose. This plurality makes it difficult to establish criteria for evaluation or to design curricula for teaching research methods (Packer, 2011, p. 2). More and more, method preferences seem to be individual and arbitrary decisions of researchers. Science War: Conflicting Paradigms In 1959, Snow diagnosed two cultures in sciences, working with different methods: a constructivist, postmodern position and a realistic position (Snow, 1959).
10 In the nineties, after a parody on postmodern constructivism (the Sokal hoax ) the situation exacerbates to a science war (Ross, 1996; Bucchi, 2004). On the one hand stands a rigid positivistic conception of research with a quantitative, experimental methodology, on the other hand an open, explorative, descriptive, interpretive conception using Qualitative methods. Two factors have recently intensified the methodological debate in social sciences: under the flag of evidence basement the requirement for experiments in the form of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) has been formulated as the only valid scientific procedure.
