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Qualitative data analysis: a practical example

Qualitative data analysis: a practical exampleHelen Noble,1 Joanna Smith2 The aim of this paper is to equip readers with an under-standing of the principles of Qualitative data analysisand offer a practical example of how analysis might beundertaken in an interview-based is Qualitative data analysis? Qualitative research is a generic term that refers to agroup of methods, and ways of collecting and analysingdata that are interpretative or explanatory in nature andfocus on meaning. data collection is undertaken in thenatural setting, such as a clinic, hospital or a partici-pant s home because Qualitative methods seek todescribe, explore and understand phenomena from theperspective of the individual or group.

scenes view of using qualitative research methods. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004. 2. Morse JM, Richards L. Read me first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods. London: Sage Publications, 2002. 3. Smith J, Cheater F, Bekker H. Theoretical versus pragmatic design challenges in qualitative research. Nurse Res 2011;18:39–51. 4.

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Transcription of Qualitative data analysis: a practical example

1 Qualitative data analysis: a practical exampleHelen Noble,1 Joanna Smith2 The aim of this paper is to equip readers with an under-standing of the principles of Qualitative data analysisand offer a practical example of how analysis might beundertaken in an interview-based is Qualitative data analysis? Qualitative research is a generic term that refers to agroup of methods, and ways of collecting and analysingdata that are interpretative or explanatory in nature andfocus on meaning. data collection is undertaken in thenatural setting, such as a clinic, hospital or a partici-pant s home because Qualitative methods seek todescribe, explore and understand phenomena from theperspective of the individual or group.

2 Reality is cocon-structed by the research participants and the researcher,with the depth of data collected more important thanrecruiting large samples. The individual interviewmethod is the most widely used method of data collec-tion in Qualitative research and a range of data can becollected includingfield notes, audio and video record-ings, images or documents. Qualitative researchersusually work with text when analysing data ; data canbe transcribed in entirety or focus on selected , focusing on selected sections of the data maynot capture the nuances of observations or participants descriptions and may fragment the data .

3 The challengefor Qualitative researchers is to present a cohesive repre-sentation of the data , which can be vast and messy ,1and needs to make sense of diverse viewpoints orcomplex issues. The process of data analysis is to assem-ble or reconstruct the data in a meaningful or compre-hensible fashion, in a way that is transparent, rigorousand thorough, while remaining true to participants are the approaches in undertakingqualitative data analysis?Although Qualitative data analysis is inductive andfocuses on meaning, approaches in analysing data arediverse with different purposes and ontological (con-cerned with the nature of being) and epistemological(knowledge and understanding) an appropriate approach in analysingqualitative data analysis to meet the aim of a study canbe challenging.

4 One way to understand Qualitative dataanalysis is to consider the processes can be divided into four broad groups: qua-sistatistical approaches such as content analysis; the useof frameworks or matrices such as a frameworkapproach and thematic analysis; interpretativeapproaches that include interpretative phenomenologicalanalysis and grounded theory; and sociolinguisticapproaches such as discourse analysis and conversationanalysis. However, there are commonalities acrossapproaches. data analysis is an interactive process,where data are systematically searched and analysed inorder to provide an illuminating description of phenom-ena.

5 For example , the experience of carers supportingdying patients with renal disease4or student nurses experiences following assignment ana-lysis is an iterative or recurring process, essential to thecreativity of the analysis, development of ideas, clarify-ing meaning and the reworking of concepts as newinsights emerge or are identified in the you need data software packages whenanalysing Qualitative data ? Qualitative data software packages are not a prerequisitefor undertaking Qualitative analysis but a range of pro-grammes are available that canassistthe qualitativeresearcher.

6 Software programmes vary in design andapplication but can be divided into text retrievers, codeand retrieve packages and theory andNUD*IST are widely used because they have sophisti-cated code and retrieve functions and modelling cap-abilities, which speed up the process of managing largedata sets and data retrieval. Repetitions within data canbe quantified and memos and hyperlinks attached todata. Analytical processes can be mapped and trackedand linkages across data visualised leading to of using Qualitative datasoftware packages include the complexity of the soft-ware and some programmes are not compatible withstandard text format.

7 Extensive coding and categorisingcan result in data becoming unmanageable andTable 1 data extract containing units of data and line-by-line codingData extract (carer) units of data (in vivo codes highlighted)Early descriptive codes/line-by-linecodingHe (the doctor) said there wasnothing more he could do for her. I said to him,can t you give her dialysis?And he said,no because it would kill her. I supposeit s too late in the day. I don t know. That s the reason he gave me,it would I don t really know, but I thought well,why wait till there s only 20% functionleft before you tell me in the first place.

8 So shouldn t he have told me when shecould have had dialysis?Shouldn t someone then have said to me, well look, shecan have dialysis before it got to the stage where she suddenly has 20% offunction and she can t have t someone have mentioned it earlier?Youknow what I m trying to say?Nothing more they could do WantingdialysisTreatment would killToo late to treatTreatment would killNot being told early about prognosis/reduced kidney functionNot being involved in treatment decision/confusion*Missed treatment opportunity?*This early description can be tracked through the following tables, essential in demonstrating s choiceScan to access morefree of Nursing andMidwifery, Queens s UniversityBelfast, Belfast, UK2 Department of Health Sciences,University of Huddersfield,Huddersfield, UKCorrespondence to:Dr Helen NobleSchool of Nursing andMidwifery, Queen s UniversityBelfast, Medical Biology Centre,97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT97BL, Based NursJanuary 2014| volume 17| number 1| research made simple on January 20, 2022 by guest.

9 Protected by Based Nurs: first published as on 20 November 2013. Downloaded from researchers mayfind visualising data on screen inhibitsconceptualisation of the do you begin analysing qualitativedata?Despite the diversity of Qualitative methods, the subse-quent analysis is based on a common set of principlesand for interview data includes: transcribing the inter-views; immersing oneself within the data to gaindetailed insights into the phenomena being explored;developing a data coding system; and linking codes orunits of data to form overarching themes/concepts,which may lead to the development of recurring and significant themes, wherebydata are methodically searched to identify patterns inorder to provide an illuminating description of a phe-nomenon, is a central skill in undertaking qualitativedata analysis.

10 Table 1 contains an extract of data takenfrom a research study which included interviews withcarers of people with end-stage renal disease managedwithout dialysis. The extract is taken from a carer who istrying to understand why her mother was not offereddialysis. Thefirst stage of data analysis involves theprocess of initial coding, whereby each line of the datais considered to identify keywords or phrases; these aresometimes known as in vivo codes (highlighted) becausethey retain participants transcripts have been broken down into man-ageable sections, the researcher sorts and sifts them,searching for types, classes, sequences, processes, pat-terns or wholes.


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