Quantitative Data Analysis Using SPSS : an Introduction ...

1 This accessible book is essential reading for those looking for a short and simple guide to basic data Analysis . Written for the complete beginner, the bookis the ideal companion when undertaking Quantitative data Analysis for the firsttime Using SPSS. The book uses a simple example of Quantitative data Analysis that would be typical to the health field to take you through the process of data Analysis stepby step. The example used is a doctor who conducts a questionnaire survey of30 patients to assess a specific service. The data from these questionnaires isgiven to you for Analysis , and the book leads you through the process requiredto analyse this data.

2 Handy screenshots illustrate each step of the process so you can try out theanalysis for yourself, and apply it to your own research with covered include: Questionnaires and how to analyse themCoding the data for SPSS, setting up an SPSS database and entering the dataDescriptive statistics and illustrating the data Using graphsCross-tabulation and the Chi-square statisticCorrelation: examining relationships between interval dataExamining differences between two sets of scoresReporting the results and presenting the dataQuantitative Data Analysis Using SPSSis the ideal text for any students inhealth and social sciences with little or no experience of Quantitative data Analysis and Greasleyis a lecturer at the School of Health Studies, University of Bradford, design.

3 Mike StonesQUANTITATIVE DATA Analysis Using SPSSAN INTRODUCTIONFOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL SCIENCEPete GreasleyGreasleyQUANTITATIVE DATA Analysis Using SPSSAN INTRODUCTIONFOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL SCIENCEQUANTITATIVE DATA Analysis Using SPSSQ uantitative Data AnalysisUsing SPSSQ uantitative DataAnalysis Using SPSSAn Introduction for Health &Social SciencePete GreasleyOpen University PressMcGraw-Hill EducationMcGraw-Hill HouseShoppenhangers RoadMaidenheadBerkshireEnglandSL6 2 QLemail: wide web: Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USAF irst published 2008 Copyright Pete Greasley 2008 All rights reserved.

4 Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose ofcriticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior writtenpermission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing AgencyLimited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtainedfrom the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street,London EC1N catalogue record of this book is available from the British LibraryISBN-10: 0 335 22305 2 (pb) 0 335 22306 0 (hb)ISBN-13: 978 0335 22305 3 (pb) 978 0335 22306 0 (hb)Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCIP data applied forTypeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, SuffolkPrinted in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd, GlasgowContentsIntroduction11 A questionnaire and what to do with it.

5 Types of data andrelevant The What types of analyses can we perform on this questionnaire? Descriptive Relationships and differences in the Notes182 Coding the data for SPSS, setting up an SPSS database andentering the The Coding the data for Setting up an SPSS Defining the Adding value Entering the Notes313 Descriptive statistics: frequencies, measures of centraltendency and illustrating the data Using Measures of central tendency for interval Using graphs to visually illustrate the Bar Editing a Copying charts and tables into a Microsoft Navigating the Output Ending the SPSS Notes604 Cross-tabulation and the chi-square Cross-tabulating data in the The chi-square statistical Levels of statistical Re-coding interval variables into categorical Notes755 Correlation.

6 Examining relationships between interval Examining correlations in the Producing a scatterplot in The strength of a The coefficient of Notes856 Examining differences between two sets of Comparing satisfaction ratings for the two Independent or related samples? Parametric or non-parametric test? Comparing the number of sessions for each Notes1027 Reporting the results and presenting the Structuring the How not to present data107 Concluding remarks109 Answers to the quiz and exercises110 Glossary130 References133 Index135viQuantitative Data Analysis Using SPSSI ntroductionI remember reading somewhere that for every mathematical formula, includedin a book, the sales would be reduced by half.

7 So guess what, there are noformulas, equations or mathematical calculations in this book. This is apractical Introduction to Quantitative data Analysis Using the most widelyavailable statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).The aim is to get students and professionals past that first hurdle of dealingwith Quantitative data Analysis and book is based upon a simple scenario: a local doctor has conducted a briefpatient satisfaction questionnaire about the counselling service offered at hishealth centre. The doctor, having no knowledge of Quantitative data Analysis ,sends the data from 30 questionnaires to you, the researcher, for book begins by exploring the types of data that are produced from thisquestionnaire and the types of Analysis that may be conducted on the subsequent chapters explain how to enter the data into SPSS and conductthe various types of analyses in a very simple step-by-step format, just as aresearcher might proceed in of the chapters should take about an hour to complete the Analysis andexercises.

8 So, in principle, the basic essentials of Quantitative data analysisand SPSS may be mastered in a matter of just six hours of independent chapters are listed below with a brief synopsis of their content. Chapter 1 A questionnaire and what to do with it: types of data and relevantanalyses. The aim of this chapter is to familiarize yourself with thequestionnaire and the types of analyses that may be conducted on thedata. Chapter 2 Coding the data for SPSS, setting up an SPSS database and enteringdata. In this chapter you will learn how to code the data for SPSS, set up anSPSS database and enter the data from 30 questionnaires.

9 Chapter 3 Descriptive statistics: frequencies, measures of central tendency andvisually illustrating data Using graphs. In this chapter you will use SPSS toproduce some basic descriptive statistics from the data: frequencies for cat-egorical data and measures of central tendency (the mean, median andmode) for interval level data. You will also learn how to produce and editcharts to illustrate the data Analysis , and to copy your work into a MicrosoftWord file. Chapter 4 Cross-tabulation and the chi-square statistic. In this chapter youwill learn about cross-tabulation for categorical data, a statistical test (chi-square) to examine associations between variables, and the concept of stat-istical significance.

10 You will also learn how to re-code interval data intocategories. Chapter 5 Correlation: examining relationships between interval data. In thischapter you will learn about scatterplots and correlation to examine thedirection and strength of relationships between variables. Chapter 6 Examining differences between two sets of scores. In this chapteryou will learn about tests which tell us if there is a statistically significantdifference between two sets of scores. In so doing you will learn aboutindependent and dependent variables, parametric and non-parametricdata, and independent and related is also a final concluding chapter which provides advice on how tostructure the report of a Quantitative study and how not to present approachQuantitative data Analysis and statistics is often a frightening hurdle for manystudents in the health and social sciences, so my primary concern has beento make the book as simple and accessible as possible.