Racial and Ethnic Groups - Pearson

1 Racial and Ethnic GroupsFIFTEENTH EDITIONR ichard T. SchaeferDePaul University330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 110/6/17 1:40 PMPortfolio Manager: Jeff MarshallDevelopment Editor: Steven RigolosiMarketing Manager: Jeremy IntalProgram Manager: Erin BoscoProject Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Integra-ChicagoCover Designer: Jennifer Hart DesignCover Photo: John Lund/Getty ImagesManufacturing Buyer: Mary Ann GloriandePrinter/Binder: LSC Communications, Printer: Phoenix Color/HagerstownPEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and REVEL are exclusive trademarks in the United States and/or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc., or its otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only.

2 Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Schaefer, Richard T., : Racial and Ethnic Groups / Richard T. : 15th edition. | Hoboken, : Pearson Higher Education, 2019. Identifiers: LCCN 2017029686 (print) | LCCN 2017030879 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134736525 (Revel) | ISBN 9780134732855 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780134736730 (softcover)Subjects: LCSH: Minorities United States. | United States Ethnic relations. | United States--Race relations. | Prejudices United : LCC (ebook) | LCC S3 2019 (print) | DDC dc23LC record available at 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

3 All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit Edition:ISBN 10: 0-134-73285-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73285-5 Books la Carte Edition:ISBN 10: 0-134-73662-1 ISBN 13: 210/6/17 1:40 PMTo my grandchildren, Matilda and Reuben, may they grow to f lourish in our multicultural 310/6/17 1:40 410/6/17 1.

4 40 PM 1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity 1 2 Prejudice 31 3 Discrimination 55 4 Immigration 78 5 Ethnicity, Whiteness, and Religion 103 6 Native Americans: The First Americans 132 7 African Americans 160 8 African Americans Today 181 9 Latinos: Growth and Diversity 200 10 Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans 219 11 Muslim and Arab Americans: Diverse Minorities 238 12 Asian Pacific Americans: An Array of Nationalities 258 13 Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans 282 14 Jewish Americans: The Quest to Maintain Identity 301 15 Women: The Oppressed Majority 322 16 Beyond the United States: The Comparative Perspective 344 17 Overcoming Exclusion 364 Brief 510/6/17 1:40 610/6/17 1:40 PMviiFeatures xiiiPreface xvAbout the Author xxiPart I Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Groups 1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity 1 How Are We Grouped?

5 4 Types of Minority Groups 6 Racial Groups 6 Ethnic Groups 6 Speaking Out The Problem of the Color Line 7 RELIGIOUS Groups 7 GENDER Groups 8 OTHER SUBORDINATE Groups 8 The Social Construction of Race 8 Biological Meaning 8 ABSENCE OF PURE RACES 8 INTELLIGENCE TESTS 9 Race as a Social Construction 10 Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? 11 Research Focus Multiracial Identity 12 Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity 13 Stratification by Class and Gender 13 Theoretical Perspectives 14 FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE 14 CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE 15 LABELING THEORY 15 The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status 17 Migration 17 Annexation 18 Colonialism 18 The Spectrum of Intergroup Status 19 The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status 19 Extermination

6 19 Expulsion 20 Secession 20 Segregation 21 Fusion 23 Assimilation 24 The Pluralist Perspective 25 Resistance and Change 25 Intersectionality 27 Conclusion 28 Summary of Learning Objectives 29 Key Terms 30 Review Questions 30 Critical Thinking 30 2 Prejudice 31 Prejudice and Discrimination 33 Merton s Typology 34 Research Focus Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice 34 White Privilege 35 Theories of Prejudice 36 Scapegoating Theory 36 Authoritarian Personality Theory 37 Exploitation Theory 37 Normative Approach 38 Stereotypes 38 What Are Stereotypes?

7 38 Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling 39 Color-Blind Racism 40 The Mood of the Oppressed 41 Intergroup Hostility 43 Reducing Prejudice 45 Education 45 Mass Media 46 Intergroup Contact: Avoidance Versus Friendship 47 THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE 47 EQUAL STATUS CONTACT 48 AVOIDANCE VIA THE INTERNET 48 Corporate Response: Diversity Training 49 Speaking Out What Can I Do at Work? 50 Conclusion 52 Summary: Prejudice 53 Key Terms 54 Review Questions 54 Critical Thinking 54 3 Discrimination 55 Relative versus Absolute Deprivation 56 A Global View The Roma: A Thousand Years of Discrimination 57 Hate Crimes 57 What Are Hate Crimes?

8 58 Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties? 59 Institutional Discrimination 59 Discrimination Today 61 Discrimination Hits the Wallet 61 Eliminating Discrimination 63 Research Focus The Sharing Economy Another Way to Discriminate 65 Wealth Inequality: Discrimination s Legacy 710/6/17 1:40 PMviii ContentsThe Irish Americans 111 Irish Immigration 111 Becoming White 112 The Contemporary Picture 113 The Italian Americans 114 Early Immigration 114 Constructing Identity 115 Research Focus Immigrants: Yesterday and Today 116 The Contemporary Picture 117 The Polish Americans 117 Early Immigration 118 Polonia 118 The Contemporary Picture 119 Religious Pluralism 120 Diversity Among Roman Catholics 124 Diversity Among Protestants 124 Religion and the Courts 126 Company Exemptions 126 School Prayer 126 Secessionist Minorities 127 Creationism and Intelligent Design 128 Public Displays 128 Conclusion 128 Summary of Learning Objectives 130 Key Terms 130 Review Questions 131 Critical Thinking 131 Part III Major Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in

9 The United States 6 Native Americans: The First Americans 132 European Contacts 134 Treaties and Warfare 136 THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830) 137 THE ALLOTMENT ACT (1887) 137 THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT (1934) 137 A Global View Australia s Aboriginal People 138 Reservation Life and Federal Policies 139 Relations Across Boundaries The Hopi and Navajo Peoples 140 Legal Claims 140 The Termination Act (1953) 141 The Employment Assistance Program 141 Collective Action 143 Protest Efforts 143 Solidarity and Powwows 144 American Indian Identity 146 Sovereignty 146 Individual Identity 146 Speaking Out Kinship in Modern Times 147 Environmental Justice 67 Affirmative Action 68 Affirmative Action Explained 69 The Legal Debate 69 Reverse Discrimination 71 Speaking Out The Conversation We re Not Having When We Talk About Affirmative Action 72 The Glass Ceiling 73 Conclusion 75 Summary of Learning Objectives 76 Key Terms 77 Review Questions 77 Critical Thinking

10 77 Part II Ethnic and Religious Sources of Conflict 4 Immigration 78 Patterns of Immigration to the United States 79 The Early Immigrants 81 The Anti-Chinese Movement 82 Restrictionist Sentiment Increases 83 The National Origin System 83 The Immigration and Nationality Act 84 Contemporary Social Concerns 86 The Brain Drain 86 Population Growth 87 Mixed-Status Families 88 Language Barriers 88 Speaking Out My Parents Were Deported 89 The Economic Impact 91 Research Focus The Hispanic Dairyland 92 Illegal Immigration 93 Naturalization: The Path to Citizenship 95 A Global View Immigration and South Africa 96 The Global Economy and Immigration 97 Refugees 98 Policies 98 Concerns About the Refugee Program 99 Conclusion 100 Summary of Learning Objectives 101 Key Terms 102 Review Questions 102 Critical Thinking 102 5 Ethnicity, Whiteness.