Recent Developments on biodegradable polymers and …

1 2016| All right reserved 17 Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2016; Vol. 4 (1): 17-26 ISSN: 2322-0015 Recent Developments on biodegradable polymers and their future trends Panchal Shivam III year , Bachelor of Technology(Biochemical Engineering) Department of Biochemical Engineering and Food Techonlogy, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208002, Uttar Pradesh, India Email: Manuscript Details ABSTRACT Received : Accepted: Published: ISSN: 2322-0015 Editor: Dr. Arvind Chavhan Cite this article as: Panchal Shivam. Recent Developments on biodegradable polymers and their future trends, Int. Res. Journal of Science & Engineering, 4(1): 17-26. Copyright: Author(s), This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

2 Bio-based polymers are attracting increased attention due to environmental concerns and the realization that global petroleum resources are finite. Plastic is one of the major pollutants at present time around the world, which is used for daily use like packaging materials, carry bags, manufacturing of different types of materials etc. So, to replace the use of synthetic plastic as well as to reduce the increasing environmental pollution an alternative must be developed. This need of synthetic plastic can be fulfilled by use of bioplas tics. Bioplastics, such as Polyhydroxyalkanoates are polymers produced by bacteria among which Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is one major group. The property of PHB is similar to synthetic plastics. So, it can be used as a suitable alternative to the present day conventional practices for sustainability.

3 Several bacterial species like Actinobacillus, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium, Rhodobacter and Sphaerotilius have been under focus for their ability of converting organic waste to bacterial PHA. For industrial production of PHB, some bacterial species like Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Cupriavidus spp. have been extensively used for their potential to produce PHB. Since the production of bio-plastic is expensive many techniques have been adopted for large scale production. But, to obtain PHB in large amount the selection of proper strains of bacteria, capable of producing or accumulating PHB is necessary. Marine ecosystem is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth and still required to be explored. So in this study, comparison of the production of PHB (Bio- Plastic) in Marine and Soil bacteria has been done to find out which one has the potency to accumulate more polymers not only replace existing polymers in a number of applications but also provide new combina-tions of properties for new applications.

4 A range of bio-based polymers are presented in this review, focusing on general methods of production, properties, and commercial applications. The review examines the technological and future challenges discussed in bringing these materia-ls to a wide range of applications, together with potential solutions, as well as discusses the major industry players who are bringing these materials to the bio-based polymers like PLA and PHA, additives are being developed to improve their performance, by blending with other polymers or making new copolymers. Keywords: Bio-based polymers , Renewable resources, Biotechnologies, Sustainable materials OPEN ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE Panchal Shivam, 2016 18 INTRODUCTION Plastic is a major environmental pollutant in the environment. The accumulation of non-degradable plastic bags in the environment is one of the major causes of pollution now- a- days.

5 Only 1 to 2% of plastic bags in the USA end up getting recycled. Approximately 380 billion plastic bags are used in the United States every year that is more than 1,200 bags per US resident, per year. Approximately 100 billion of the 380 billion are plastic shopping bags. Thousands of marine animals and more than 1 million birds die each year as a result of plastic pollution. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that there are 46,000 pieces of plastic litter floating in every square mile of ocean. Often mistakenly ingested by animals, clogging their intestines which results in death by starvation. Plastics at present account for about 21% of all (paper, glass, tin plate. etc.) packaging materials. Packaging materials account for 25% of the total production of plastics in India, but in terms of consumption, they account for 52%.

6 Plastic waste produced is around million tonnes. Though plastics constitute only about % (world average) of the total municipal solid waste, they are perceived as a major threat because of their long life and light weight. In India, plastic waste accounts for only of municipal solid waste, whereas in urban areas of Kerala, it is as high as 4 - 6%. Plastic accounts for approximately 10% of solid waste (Heap, 2009) and contributes 80% of the wastes accumulating on ocean surface, land, shorelines etc. (Barnes et al., 2009). Bio-plastics are bio-based, biodegradable plastics with almost similar properties to synthetic plastics. Biodegradation can be explained as a chemical process during which micro-organisms that present in the environment convert materials into natural substances such as water, carbon dioxide, and compost.

7 The term bio-based means the material is partly derived from biomass (plants). Synthetic plastics remain in the environment for long time as they are resistant to degradation. Bioplastics are made from variety of sources like polysaccharides, lipids and also proteins. A few examples of protein used as substrates for bioplastic production are soy protein, wheat gluten, and rice and egg albumin. Plasticizer, which is a rupturing agent added with proteins to increase plasticity. The petroleum based conventional plastics are non-renewable where the feed stocks are reinforced by carbon fibres. Renewable resource feed stocks of plastics include polymers derived from microbial culture reinforced with natural fibres such as cellulose, jute etc. The accumulation of synthetic, petroleum derived plastics in the environment is a major cause of pollution.

8 So the approach to produce plastic, which is an essential polymer used in our day to day life, using microbes (product of microorganisms) is a novel approach. It will reduce the environmental pollution as well as the use of petroleum to make plastic bags. So it can be said in one word that bio-plastic is eco-friendly. Since the large scale production of Bio-plastic in industry is very much costly so it has not been used extensively. During 20th century the bioplastics production was mainly dominated by the developed countries like North America, Japan, and Western Europe etc. On the basis of a study, it has been proposed thatin 2013, Brazil became one of the world s leadingbioplastics producers. In Japan, the demand of bioplastics reach a value six times more than 178000 metric tons in 2013. China also produce 100000 metric tons of bioplastics in 2013.

9 The market of bioplastics is in the nascent stage in Southeast Asia. A research work carried out by BCC has revealed a fact that the bioplastics market value has reached 541 million pounds in 2007. By 2012, this value reached a level of billion pounds. In 2008, a number of biodegradable plastics like polylactic acid, resins, polyesters etc. accounted for about 90% of total bioplastics demand. biodegradable plastics are environment friendly and can replace all plastics products available at this time. Production of bioplastics will definitely result in reduction in emission of CO2 compared to traditional plastics. A fear of damaging already existing recycling projects by the bioplastics is one of the major concerns. The cost of production of bioplastics is also too high. This is one of the major problems related to bioplastics development .

10 The cost is around to 4 Euro per Kg now. Classification and properties of bio-degradable polymers The biodegradable polymers can be classified according to their chemical composition, origin and synthesis method, processing method, economic importance, application, etc. Generally, biodegradable polymers are classified according to their origin into two groups: natural polymers which obtained from natural resources and synthetic polymers which produced from oil. Natural biodegradable polymers Biopolymers are polymers formed in nature during the growth cycles of all organisms; hence, they are also referred to as natural polymers . Their synthesis generally involves enzyme catalyzed, chain growth polymerization reactions of activated monomers, which Recent Developments on biodegradable polymers and their future trend Int.