ReCiPe 2016 - RIVM

1 ReCiPe 2016 A harmonized life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level Report I: CharacterizationRIVM Report Huijbregts et al. ReCiPe 2016 A harmonized life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level Report I: Characterization RIVM Report 2016-0104 RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 2 of 191 Colophon RIVM 2016 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, along with the title and year of publication. Huijbregts (author), Radboud University Nijmegen Steinmann (author), Radboud University Nijmegen Elshout (author), Radboud University Nijmegen G.

2 Stam(author), Radboud University Nijmegen F. Verones(author), NTNU Trondheim Vieira(author), Radboud University Nijmegen, Pr Consultants A. Hollander(author), RIVM M. Zijp (author), RIVM R. van Zelm (author), Radboud University Nijmegen Contact: Anne Hollander RIVM/DMG This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of Ministerie IenM, within the framework of Van Afval naar Grondstof This is a publication of: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Box 1 | 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 3 of 191 Synopsis ReCiPe 2016 A harmonized life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level Report I.

3 Characterization life cycle assessment (LCA) enables the assessment of the pressure a certain (production) process places on the environment. The assessment comprises all phases needed to produce and use a product, from the initial development to the treatment of waste (the total life cycle ). The goal of LCA is, for example, to compare alternatives or to identify phases in the production process that place a relatively high level of pressure on the environment. Based on this knowledge, production processes can be optimized. Within LCA, life cycle impact models (LCIA) are used to estimate the environmental impact . The RIVM is presenting a new, updated version of the life cycle impact (LCIA)-model ReCiPe often used in the Netherlands and Europe.

4 It s called the ReCiPe 2016. The methodologies and data used in the new model are up to date with the current scientific knowledge. A life cycle impact assessment results in an environmental profile : a score list with different environmental effects, such as climate change, water use, land use and soil acidification. This list provides information about the environmental effects that score relatively well or poorly within the life cycle of a product and about the phases in the life cycle that contribute most to the different environmental effects. The ReCiPe method was first developed in 2008 through cooperation between RIVM, Radboud University Nijmegen, Leiden University and Pr Consultants.

5 Keywords: ReCiPe , life cycle analysis, LCA, life cycle impact assessment , LCIA, environmental assessment RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 4 of 191 RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 5 of 191 Publiekssamenvatting ReCiPe 2016. Een geharmoniseerde levenscyclus impact assessment methode op 'midpoint' en 'endpoint' niveau Rapport 1: karakterisatie Met een zogeheten levenscyclusanalyse (LCA) is het mogelijk om te bepalen in welke mate een productieproces van een product het milieu belast. De analyse omvat alle stadia die nodig zijn om een product te produceren en te gebruiken, dus vanaf het onttrekken van de benodigde grondstoffen tot en met de verwerking van afval.

6 Het doel van een LCA is bijvoorbeeld om alternatieven te vergelijken, of om stappen in het productieproces die een grote milieuschade veroorzaken in kaart te brengen. Op basis van deze kennis kan het productieproces worden geoptimaliseerd. Binnen LCA worden levenscyclus-impactassessments (LCIA) gebruikt om de milieubelasting te bepalen. Het RIVM presenteert een nieuwe, herziene versie van het zowel in Nederland als Europa veelgebruikte levenscyclus-impactassessment ReCiPe : ReCiPe 2016. De methodiek en data zijn hierin aangepast aan de huidige wetenschappelijke stand van zaken. Een LCIA levert een soort milieuprofiel op: een 'scorelijst' met milieueffecten, zoals klimaatverandering, waterverbruik en schaarste, landgebruik en bodemverzuring.

7 Aan het milieuprofiel is te zien welke milieuaspecten slecht scoren in de levenscyclus van een product of dienst en welke onderdelen in de levenscyclus de grootste bijdrage leveren aan de verschillende milieueffecten. De ReCiPe -methode is in 2008 ontwikkeld door een samenwerkingsverband tussen RIVM, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Leiden Universiteit en Pr Consultants. Kernwoorden: ReCiPe , levenscyclusanalyse, LCA, levenscyclusimpactanalyse, LCIA, milieubeoordeling RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 6 of 191 RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 7 of 191 Contents Summary 11 1 Framework 13 Introduction 13 impact pathways and areas of protection 16 Value choices 17 Characterization factors at midpoint level 19 From midpoint to endpoint 21 2 Climate change 23 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 23 Value choices 24 Characterization factors at midpoint level 24 From midpoint to endpoint 31 3 Stratospheric ozone depletion 35 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 35 Value choices 35 Characterization factors at

8 Midpoint level 36 From midpoint to endpoint 37 4 Ionizing radiation 41 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 41 Value choices 41 Characterization factors at midpoint level 42 From midpoint to endpoint 44 5 Fine particulate matter formation 47 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 47 Value choices 48 Characterization factors at midpoint level 48 Characterization factors at endpoint level 49 6 Photochemical ozone formation 51 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 51 Value choices 52 Characterization factors at midpoint level 52 Human health damage 52 Terrestrial ecosystem damage 54 Characterization factors at endpoint level 55 Human health damage 55 Terrestrial ecosystem damage 56 7 Terrestrial acidification 57 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 57 Value choices 58 Characterization factors at midpoint level 58 From midpoint to endpoint 59 8 Freshwater eutrophication 61 RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 8 of 191 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 61 Value choices 61 Characterization factors at midpoint level 62 From midpoint to endpoint 62 9 Toxicity 65 impact pathways and

9 Affected areas of protection 65 Value choices 66 Time horizon 66 Exposure routes 66 Marine ecotoxicity 66 Carcinogenicity 66 Minimum number of tested species for ecotoxicity 67 Characterization factors at midpoint level 67 From midpoint to endpoint 71 10 Water use 73 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 73 Value choices 74 Characterization factors at midpoint level 75 From midpoint to endpoint 76 Human health 76 Terrestrial ecosystems 78 Aquatic ecosystems 79 11 Land use 81 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 81 Value choices 82 Characterization factors at midpoint level 83 Calculation 83 Reference state 84 Taxonomic groups 85 Active recovery 85 From midpoint to endpoint 85 12 Mineral resource scarcity 87 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 87 Value choices 88 Characterization factors at midpoint level 88 From midpoint to endpoint 92 13 Fossil resource scarcity 95 impact pathways and affected areas of protection 95 Value choices 95 Characterization factors at midpoint level 96 Characterization factors at endpoint level 96 14 Sum emissions 99 Recommendations substance

10 Groups 99 15 References 111 RIVM Report 2016-0104 Page 9 of 191 16 S1. Supporting Information on fine dust formation 121 Country-specific characterization factors 121 17 S2. Supporting Information on ozone formation 125 Country-specific characterization factors 125 18 S3. Supporting Information on acidification 139 Country-specific characterization factors 139 19 S4. Supporting Information on eutrophication 149 Effect factor calculations 149 Country-specific characterization factors 149 20 S5. Supporting information on toxicity 159 Model adaptations in USES-LCA 159 Dissociating chemicals 159 USEtox substance database 159 21 S6.