RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

1 EIGHTH EDITIONnRESEARCHIN EDUCATIONJohn W. BestButler University, EmeritusJames V. KahnUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoAllyn and BaconBoston l London l Toronto l Sydney l Tokyo l SingaporeVice President, EDUCATION : Nancy Forsyth ,>sp,,Editorial Assistant: Cheryl OuelletteMarketing Manager: Kris FarnsworthSr. Editorial Production Administrator: Susan McIntyreEditorial Production Service: Ruttle, Shaw & Wetherill, Buyer: Linda CmManufacturing Buyer: Suzanne LareauCover Administrator: Suzanne HarbisonCopyright 0 1998,1993,1989,1986,1981,1977,1970,1959 by Allyn & BaconA Viacom Company160 Gould StreetNeedham Heights, MA 02194 Intemel: Online: keyword: College OnlineAll rights reserved.

2 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may bereproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, withoutwritten permission from the copyright of Congwss Cataloging-in-Publication DataBest, John in EDUCATION / John W. Best, James V. Kahn-8th edp. bibliographical references and indexISBN EDUCATION - RESEARCH . I. Kahn, James V., 194%II. 1998370 . in the United states of America10987654321 RRD0403020100999897 CONTENTSP reface xiiiPART IIntroduction to Educational RESEARCH .

3 Definitions, RESEARCH Problems, Proposals, and Report Writing11 The Meaning of Research3 The Search for Knowledge3 Science 6 The Role of Theory9 Operational Deiinitions of Variables9 The Hypothesis 10 The RESEARCH Hypothesis11 The Null Hypothesis (Ho)11 Sampling 72 Randomness 13 The Simple Random Sample13 Random Numbers 13 The Systematic Sample15 The Stratified Random Sample15 The Area oi- Cluster Sample16 Nonprobability Samples16 Sample Size 17 What Is RESEARCH ?18 Purposes of Research20 Fundamental or Basic Research20 Applied RESEARCH 21 Action RESEARCH 21viContentsAssessment, Evaluation.

4 And DescriptLe ResearchTypes of Educational Research23 Summary 24 Exercises 25 References 26222 Selecting a Problem and Preparing a ResearchProposal 29 The Academic RESEARCH Problem30 Levels of RESEARCH Projects31 Sources of Problems31 Evaluating the Problem34 The RESEARCH Proposal36 Ethics in Human Experimentation40 Using the Library45 Finding Related Literature45 Microfiche 46 Note Taking 46 References and Bibliography48 Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials48 The First RESEARCH Project48 Submiffing a RESEARCH Proposal to a Funding Agency51 Summary 52 Exercises 53 References 543 The RESEARCH Report55 Style Manuals 55 Format of the RESEARCH Report56 Main Body of the Report57 References and Appendices60 The Thesis or Dissertation60sty/e of Writing 6 1 Reference Form 62 Paginatioion 64 Tables 64 Figures 66 The Line Graph67 The Bar Graph oi- Chart67 The Circle, Pie.

5 Or Sector Chart68 Maps 70 Organization Charts70 Evaluating a RESEARCH Report70 Summary 72 References 72 ContentsviiPART IIResearch Mefhods 734 Historical RESEARCH 77 The History of American Education78 History and Science81 Historical Generalization 82 The Historical Hypothesis83 Hypotheses in Educational Historical ResearchDifficulties Encountered in Historical ResearchSources of Data85 Primary Sources of Data85 Primary Sources of Educational Data86 Secondary Sources of Data87 Historical Criticism 87 External Criticism 87 Internal Criticism 888485 Examples of Topics for Educational Historical Study91 Writing the Historical Report92 Summary 93 Exercises 94 Endnote 94 References 94 Sample Article 96 French Colonial Policy and the EDUCATION of Women and Minorities:Louisiana in the Early Eighteenth Century / Clark Robenstine965 Descriptive Studies.

6 Assessment, Evaluation, and Research113 Assessment Studies115 The Survey115 Social Surveys116 Public Opinion Surveys117 National Center for EDUCATION Statistics119 International Assessment120 Activity Analysis121 Trend Studies121 Evaluation Studiesf22 School Surveys122 Program Evaluation123 Assessment and Evaluation in Problem Solving125 The Follow-Up Study127 Descriptive Researchf29 Replication and Secondary Analysis135 The Post Hoc Art;&143 Perceptions About Special Olympics from Service Delivery Groups inthe United states : A Preliminary Investigation / David L.

7 Porretta,Michael Gillespie, Paul Jansma1436 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research157 Early Experimentation 758 Experimental and Control CROUPS159 Variables 760 Independent and Dependent Variables160 Confounding Variables 161 Controlling Extraneous Variabies162~xperimentaai Validity 764 Threats to Internal Experimental Validity164 Threats to External Experimental Validity168 Experimental Design 169 Pre-Experimental Designs 170 True Experimental Designs171 Quasi-Experimental Designs 175 Factorial Designs 184 Summary 188 Exercises 789 References

8 190 Sample Article192 Experiential Versus Experience-Based Learning and Instruction / JamesD. Laney1927 Single-Subject ExperimentalResearch209general Procedures 211 Repeated Measurement211 Baselines 211 Manipulating Variables212 Length of Phases213 Transfer of Training and Response Maintenance214 Assessment 214 Target Behavior 215 Data Collection Strategies215 Basic Designs 216A-B-A Designs 216 Multiple Baseline Designs220 Other Designs 221 Evaluating Data 223 Summary 225fXWCk3S 226 Endnotes 227 References227 Sample Article228 Effects of Response Cards on Student Participation and AcademicAchievement.

9 A Systematic Replication with Inner-City StudentsDuring Whole-Class Science Instruction / Ralph Gardner, WilliamL. Heward, Teresa A. Grossi2288 Qualitative Research239 Themes of Qualitatk Research240 RESEARCH Questions242 Theoretical Traditions244 RESEARCH Strategies246 Document or Content Analysis246 The Case Study248 Ethnographic Studies250 Data Collection Techniques253 Observations253 Interviews254 Review of Documents255 Other Qualitative Data Collection Techniques255 Data Analysis and Interpretation257 Summary259 Exercises259 Endnotes260 References260 Sample Article262 Professionals Perceptions of HIV in Early Childhood DevelopmentalCenter / Norma A.

10 Lopez-Reyna, Rhea F. Boldman, James V. Kahn2629 Methods and Tools of Research275 Reliabiiity and Validity of RESEARCH Tools275 Quantitative Studies276 Qualitative Studies278 Psychological and Educational Tests and inventories279 Qualities of a Good Test and lnventory281 Validity281 Reliability283 Economy285 Interest285 Types of Tests and Inventories286 Achievement Tests287 Aptitude Tests287 Interest Inventories289 Personality Inventories289 Proiective Devices2900bservat;on291 Validity and Reliability of Observation294 Recording Observations295 Systematizing Data Collection295 Characteristics of Good Observation298 Inquiry Forms: The Questionnaire298 The Closed Form299 The Open Form300 Improving Questionnaire Items300 Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire307 Preparing and Administering the Questionnaire308A Sample Questionnaire310 Validity and Reliability of Questionnaires310 Inquiry Forms.