Review of Maritime Transport 2021

1 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT2021 Review OF MARITIMETRANSPORTG eneva, 2021 Review OF Maritime Transport 2021ii 2021, United NationsAll rights reserved worldwideRequests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Centre at other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to:United Nations Publications405 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017 United States of America Email: Website: designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United publication has been edited Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and : 978-92-1-113026-3eISBN: 978-92-1-000097-0 ISSN: 0566-7682eISSN: 2225-3459 Sales No.

2 OF Maritime Transport 2021iiiAcknowledgementsThe Review of Maritime Transport 2021 was prepared by UNCTAD under the overall guidance of Shamika N. Sirimanne, Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD, and under the coordination of Jan Hoffmann, Head of the Trade Logistics Branch, Division on Technology and Logistics. Regina Asariotis, Gonzalo Ayala, Mark Assaf, Celine Bacrot, Hassiba Benamara, Dominique Chantrel, Am lie Cournoyer, Marco Fugazza, Poul Hansen, Jan Hoffmann, Tomasz Kulaga, Anila Premti, Luisa Rodr guez, Benny Salo, Kamal Tahiri, Hidenobu Tokuda, Pamela Ugaz and Frida Youssef were contributing authors. The report benefitted from reviews and contributions by officials from the International Maritime Organization, the International Labour Organization partners of the TrainForTrade Port Management Programme and the five regional commissions of the United Nations (ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, and ESCWA): Julian Abril Garcia, Peter Adams, Mario Apostolov, Yarob Badr, Jan de Boer, Aicha Cherif, Ismael Cobos Delgado, Yann Duval, Martina Fontanet Sol , Fouad Ghorra, Fredrik Haag, Robert Lisinge, Dorota Lost-Sieminska, Ricardo Sanchez, Lynn Tan, Lukasz Wyrowski and Brandt Wagner.

3 Comments and suggestions from the following reviewers are gratefully acknowledged: Hashim Abbas Syed, Roar Adland, Stefanos Alexopoulos, Jason Angelopoulos, Tracy Chatman, Trevor Crowe, Neil Davidson, Juan Manuel D ez Orejas, Mahin Faghfouri, Mike Garrat, Nadia Hasham, Joe Hiney, Julian Hoffmann Anton, Onno Hoffmeister, Roel Janssens, Lars Jensen, Bj rn Klippel, Eleni Kontou, Juan Manuel, Antonis Michail, Turloch Mooney, Richard Morton, Plamen Natzkoff, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Peter Sand, Torbjorn Rydbergh, Alastair Stevenson, Stelios Stratidakis, Christa Sys, Antonella Teodoro and Ruosi Zhang. Experts from the International Chamber of Shipping reviewed chapter 2. Comments received from UNCTAD divisions as part of the internal peer Review process, as well as comments from the Office of the Secretary-General, are acknowledged with appreciation.

4 The Review was edited by Peter Stalker. Administrative, editing, and proofreading support was provided by Wendy Juan. Magali Studer designed the publication, and Juan Carlos Korol did the formatting. Special thanks are also due to Vladislav Shuvalov for reviewing the publication in OF Maritime Transport 2021ivTABLE OF CONTENTSA cknowledgements ..iiiAbbreviations ..ixNote ..xiiOverview ..xiv1. International Maritime trade and port traffic ..1A. Volumes of international Maritime trade and port traffic ..3B. Outlook and longer-term trends ..19C. Policy considerations and action areas ..232. Maritime Transport and infrastructure ..29A. The world fleet ..31B. Shipping companies and operations: adapting Maritime Transport supply in an uncertain environment ..42C. Port services and infrastructure supply ..46D. The Impact of COVID-19 on ports: lessons from the UNCTAD TrainForTrade Port Management Programme.

5 49E. Summary and policy considerations ..543. Freight rates, Maritime Transport costs and their impact on prices ..57A. Record-breaking container freight rates ..59B. Dry bulk freight rates also reach highs ..64C. Tanker freight rates dip to the lowest levels ever ..65D. Economic impact of high container freight rates, particularly in smaller countries ..66E. Structural determinants of Maritime Transport costs ..70F. Summary and policy considerations ..74 Technical Notes ..784. Key performance indicators for ports and the shipping fleet ..87A. Port calls and turnaround times ..89B. Liner shipping connectivity ..93C. Port cargo handling performance ..99E. Greenhouse gas emissions by the world fleet ..105F. Summary and policy considerations ..1065. The COVID-19 seafarer crisis ..109A. Seafarers crisis recent developments.

6 111B. Seafarer crisis implementation of the ILO Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, as amended (MLC 2006) ..115C. Crew changes and key worker status other relevant international legal instruments ..117D. The way forward ..1196. Legal and regulatory developments and the facilitation of Maritime trade ..125A. Technological developments in the Maritime industry ..127B. Regulatory developments relating to international shipping, climate change and other environmental issues ..128C. Legal and regulatory implications of the COVID-19 pandemic ..133D. Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation ..133E. Maritime Transport within the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement ..135F. FAL Convention ..139G. ASYCUDA ASYHUB case studies ..141H. Summary and policy considerations ..142 Review OF Maritime Transport 2021vTables1 World fleet by principal vessel type, 2020 2021.

7 Xvi2 Five largest seafarer-supplying countries 2021 supplying countries 2021 .. International Maritime trade, 1970 2020 .. International Maritime trade 2019 2020, by type of cargo, country group and region .. World economic growth, 2019 2021 .. Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade, 2019 2021 .. Tanker trade, 2019 Dry bulk trade 2019 2020 .. Major dry bulk and steel: producers, users, exporters, and importers, 2020 .. Containerized trade on East-West trade routes, 2016 2020 .. Containerized trade on major East-West trade routes, 2014 2021 .. World container port throughput by region, 2019 2020 .. International Maritime trade developments forecasts, 2021 2026 .. World fleet by principal vessel type, 2020 2021 .. Age distribution of world merchant fleet by vessel type, 2021 and average age 2020 2021.

8 Top 25 ship-owning economies, as of 1 January 2021 .. Ownership of the world fleet, ranked by carrying capacity in dead-weight tons, 2021 .. Leading flags of registration by dead-weight tonnage, 2021 .. Leading flags of registration, ranked by value of total tonnage, 2021 (million US dollars) and principal vessel types .. Deliveries of newbuildings by major vessel types and countries of construction, 2020 .. Reported tonnage sold for ship recycling by major vessel type and country of ship recycling, 2020 .. Status of uptake of selected technologies in global shipping, as of 14 June 2021 .. Some proposed IMO measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions .. World fleet by fuel type as of 1 January 2021 .. Industrial port projects capitalizing on green opportunities to generate new revenue Factors affecting the development of smart green ports.

9 Port Performance Scorecard indicators, 2016 2020 .. Contract freight rates, inter-regional, 2018 2020, $ per 40-foot container .. Time in port, age, and vessel sizes, by vessel type, 2020, world total .. Port calls and median time spent in port, container ships, 2020, top 25 countries .. Top 25 ports under the World Bank IHS Markit Container Port Performance Index 2020 .. Minutes per container move, by range of call size, top 25 countries by port calls .. Cargo and vessel handling performance for dry bulk carriers. Top 30 economies by vessel arrivals, average values for 2018 to first half of 2021 .. Cargo and vessel handling performance for tankers. Top 30 countries by vessel arrivals, average values for 2018 to first half of 2021 .. Neptune Declaration Crew Change Indicator, july 2021 .. Five largest seafarer-supply countries, 2021.

10 Key performance indicators of the Kenya Trade Information Portal ..138 Review OF Maritime Transport 2021viFigures1 International Maritime trade, world gross domestic product (GDP) and Maritime trade-to-GDP ratio, 2006 to 2021 ..xii2 Simulated impact of current container freight rate surge on import and consumer price levels ..xv3 Median time in port, number of port calls, and maximum vessel sizes, by country, container ships, 2020 .. International Maritime trade, world gross domestic product (GDP) and Maritime trade-to-GDP ratio, 2006 to 2021 .. Participation of developing countries in international Maritime trade, selected years .. International Maritime trade, by region, 2020 .. International Maritime trade by cargo type, selected years .. International Maritime trade in cargo ton-miles, 2001 2021.