RF and Microwave Wireless Systems - …

1 RF and MicrowaveWireless SystemsRF and Microwave Wireless Systems . Kai ChangCopyright#2000 John Wiley & Sons, : 0-471-35199-7 (Hardback); 0-471-22432-4 (Electronic)RF and MicrowaveWireless SystemsKAI CHANGT exas A&M UniversityA WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATIONJOHN WILEY & SONS, YORK=CHICHESTER=WEINHEIM=BRISBANE=SINGAP ORE=TORONTOD esignations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In allinstances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital orALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for morecomplete information regarding trademarks and #2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recordingor otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,without the prior written permission of the Publisher.

2 Requests to the Publisher for permission should beaddressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subjectmatter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professionalservices. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competentprofessional person should be 0-471-22432-4 This title is also available in print as ISBN more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at my parents and my familyContentsPrefacexiAcronymsxiii1 Brief History of RF and Microwave Wireless Frequency Wireless A Simple system Organization of This Book82 Review of Waves and Transmission Wave Transmission Line Reflection, Transmission, and Impedance for a TerminatedTransmission Voltage Standing-Wave Decibels, Insertion Loss.

3 And Return Smith Coaxial Microscript Lumped Impedance Matching Networks55 Problems63 References65vii3 Antenna Isotropic Radiator and Plane Far-Field Antenna Antenna Characteristics and Monopole and Dipole Horn Parabolic Dish Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays and Phased Antenna Measurements104 Problems104 References1094 Various Components and Their system Introduction and Couplers, Hybrids, and Power Dividers= Resonators, Filters, and Isolators and Detectors and Switches, Phase Shifters, and Oscillators and Frequency Multipliers and Dividers143 Problems145 References1485 Receiver system Typical system Natural Sources of Receiver Receiver Noise Figure and Equivalent Noise Compression Points, Minimum Detectable Signal,and Dynamic Third-Order Intercept Point and Spurious Spurious-Free Dynamic Range166 Problems168 References1716 Transmitter and Oscillator Transmitter Transmitter Frequency Stability and Spurious Frequency Tuning, Output Power.

4 And Crystal Reference Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers188 Problems191 References1947 Radar and Sensor Introduction and Radar Radar Equation Including Pulse Integration and system Radar Cross Pulse Continuous-Wave or Doppler Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Direction Finding and Moving-Target Indication and Pulse Doppler Synthetic Aperture Practical Radar Examples233 Problems236 References2428 Wireless Communication Friis Transmission Space Link Equation and Link Effective Isotropic Radiated Power andG= Radio= Microwave Satellite Communication Mobile Communication Systems and Wireless Cellular Personal Communication Systems and Satellite PersonalCommunication Systems262 Problems270 References2739 Modulation and Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Digital Shift-Keying Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth Sampling and Pulse Code Modulation289 Problems292 References29310 Multiple-Access Frequency Division Multiple Access and Frequency Time Division Multiple Access and Time Division Spread Spectrum and Code Division Multiple Access298 References30311 Other Wireless Radio Navigation and Global Positioning Motor Vehicle and Highway Direct Broadcast Satellite RF Identification Remote Sensing Systems and Surveillance and Electronic Warfare Systems320 Problems328 References330 Index333xCONTENTSP refaceWireless personal mobile and cellular communications are expected to be one of thehottest growth areas of the 2000s and beyond.

5 They have enjoyed the fastest growthrate in the telecommunications industry adding customers at a rate of 20 30% ayear. Presently, at least six satellite Systems are being developed so that wirelesspersonal voice and data communications can be transmitted from any part of theearth to another using a simple, hand-held device. These future Systems will providedata and voice communications to anywhere in the world, using a combination ofwireless telephones, Wireless modems, terrestrial cellular telephones and use of Wireless remote sensing, remote identification, direct broadcast, globalnavigation, and compact sensors has also gained popularity in the past communications and sensors have become a part of a consumer s daily of these Wireless Systems consist of a radio frequency (RF)

6 Or Microwave many new Wireless courses have been offered at universities and inindustry, there is yet to be a textbook written on RF and Microwave Wireless purpose of this book is to introduce students and beginners to the generalhardware components, system parameters, and architectures of RF and microwavewireless Systems . Practical examples of components and system configurations areemphasized. Both communication and radar=sensor Systems are covered. Manyother Systems , such as, the global positioning system (GPS), RF identification(RFID), direct broadcast system (DBS), surveillance, smart highways, and smartautomobiles are introduced. It is hoped that this book will bridge the gap betweenRF= Microwave engineers and communication system materials covered in this book have been taught successfully at Texas A&MUniversity to a senior class for the past few years.

7 Half of the students are from RFand Microwave areas, and half are from communications, signal processing, solid-state, optics, or other areas. The book is intended to be taught for one semester to anundergraduate senior class orfirst-year graduate class with some sections assigned toxistudents for self-study. The end-of-chapter problems will strengthen the reader sknowledge of the subject. The reference sections list the principal references forfurther this book was written as a textbook, it can also be used as a referencebook for practical engineers and technicians. Throughout the book, the emphasis ison the basic operating principles. Many practical examples and design informationhave been would like to thank all of my former students who used my notes in class fortheir useful comments and suggestions.

8 I would also like to thank Mingyi Li, PaolaZepeda, Chris Rodenbeck, Matt Coutant and James McSpadden for critical review ofthe manuscript. Michelle Rubin has done an excellent job in editing and preparingthe manuscript. Taehan Bae has helped to prepared some of the art work. Finally, Iwish to express my deep appreciation to my wife, Suh-jan, and my children, Peterand Nancy, for their patience and 2000xiiPREFACEA cronymsAFarray factorAGCautomatic gain controlAMamplitude modulatedAMPS advanced mobile phone serviceAPTS advanced public transit systemsASKamplitude shift keyingATIS advanced traveler information systemATMS advanced traffic management systemAUTantenna under testAVCS advanced vehicle control systemAVIautomatic vehicle identificationBERbit error rateBPFbandpassfilterBPSK biphase shift keyingBSFbandstopfilterBWbandwidthCADcom puter-aided designCDMA code division multiple accessCEPcircular probable errorCMOS complementary MOSCP circularly polarizedCPLcross-polarization levelCRTscathode ray tubesCT1/2cordless telephone 1/2 CTOcordless telephone OCVO commercial vehicle operationsCVRcrystal video receiverCWcontinuous wavexiiiDBSdirect broadcast satelliteDCdirect

9 CurrentDECT digital european cordless telephoneDRdynamic rangeDROdielectric resonator oscillatorDSBdouble side bandDSSS direct-sequence spread spectrumECCM selectronic courter- countermeasuresECMselectronic countermeasuresEIRP effective isotropic radiated powerEMelectromagneticESMelectronic support measureEWelectronic warfareFCCF ederal Communications CommissionFDDfrequency division duplexFDMfrequency division multiplexingFDMA frequency division multiple accessFETsfield-effect transistorsFFHSS fast frequency- hopping spread spectrumFHSS frequency-hopping spread spectrumFLAR forward-looking automotive radarFMCW frequency-modulated continous waveFMfrequency modulatedFNBW first-null beamwidthFSKfrequency shift keyingGEOgeosynchronous orbitGMSKG aussian minimum shift keyingGPSglobal positioning systemGSMglobal system for mobile communicationG=Treceiver antenna gain to system noise temperature ratioHBTsheterojunction bipolar transistorsHEMT shigh-electron-mobility transistorsHPAhigh-power amplifierHPBW half-power beamwidthHPFhigh-passfilterIFintermediat e frequencyIFMinstantaneous frequency measurementILinsertion lossIMDintermodulation distortionIMintermodulationIMPATT impact ionization avalanche transit time deviceIM3third-order intermodulationIP3third-order intercept pointI/Qin-phase/quadrature-phaseIVHS intelligent vehicle and highway systemxivACRONYMSJCTJ apanese cordless telephoneJ/Sjammer-to-signalLANlocal area networkLMDS local multipoint distribution serviceLEOlow earth orbitLNAlow-noise amplifierLOlocal oscillatorLOSline-of-sightLPFlow-passfil terLPlinearly polarizedMDSminimum detectable

10 SignalMEOmedium-altitude orbitMESFET smetal semiconductorfield-effect transistorsMICmicrowave integrated circuitMLSmicrowave landing systemMMIC monolithic Microwave integrated circuitsMSKminimum shift keyingMTImoving target indicatorNMTN ordic mobile telephoneOQPSK offset-keyed quadriphase shift keyingPAMELA pricing and monitoring electronically of automobilesPApower amplifierPAEpower added efficiencyPCMpulse code modulationPCNpersonal communication networksPCSpersonal communication systemsPDCpersonal digital cellularPHSpersonal handy phone systemPLLphase-locked loopsPLOphase-locked oscillatorsPMphase modulationPNpseudonoisePRFpulse repetition frequencyPSKphase shift keying8-PSK8-phase shift keying16-PSK16-phase shift keyingQAMquadrature amplitude modulationQPSK quadriphase shift keyingRCSradar cross sectionRFradio frequencyRFID radio frequency identificationRLreturn lossSARsynthetic aperture radarSAWsurface acoustic waveSEPspherical probable errorACRONYMSxvSFDR spurious-free dynamic rangeSFHSS slow frequency- hopping spread spectrumSLLsidelobe levelsSMILER short range Microwave links for european roadsSNRsignal-noise ratioSOJstand-off jammerSPDT single pole, double throwSPST single pole, single throwSP3 Tsingle pole.