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Sample Student Research Paper - Cengage

Sample Student Research Paper512 Appendix A Conducting Research in the Global EraDouble-space the entirepaper. Set one-inchmargins on top andbottom, left and first line ofparagraphs five spaces orone-half inchTitle clearly statestopic andproblem-solvingapproachEvidence fromseveral differentsources highlightsproblemsuggested by titleTitle is centered;do not underlinetitleNumber eachpage with yourlast name andpage number,one-half inchfrom top of pageand flush rightCasaundra WigginsWiggins 1 Professor Ellen JudgeExpository WritingJune 3, 2006 Ecotourism: Preserving or Polluting the Planet?As international travel becomes more attainable tomore people, and developing nations struggle tomaintain economic stability in demanding times, sometourism officials and native communities around theworld have begun to cooperate in creating a new kind oftravel called ecotourism (or, alternatively, sustainabletourism ).

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Transcription of Sample Student Research Paper - Cengage

1 Sample Student Research Paper512 Appendix A Conducting Research in the Global EraDouble-space the entirepaper. Set one-inchmargins on top andbottom, left and first line ofparagraphs five spaces orone-half inchTitle clearly statestopic andproblem-solvingapproachEvidence fromseveral differentsources highlightsproblemsuggested by titleTitle is centered;do not underlinetitleNumber eachpage with yourlast name andpage number,one-half inchfrom top of pageand flush rightCasaundra WigginsWiggins 1 Professor Ellen JudgeExpository WritingJune 3, 2006 Ecotourism: Preserving or Polluting the Planet?As international travel becomes more attainable tomore people, and developing nations struggle tomaintain economic stability in demanding times, sometourism officials and native communities around theworld have begun to cooperate in creating a new kind oftravel called ecotourism (or, alternatively, sustainabletourism ).

2 The United Nations declared 2002 the Inter-national Year of Ecotourism, both to call attention tothe environmental and economic opportunities providedby ecotourism as well as to sound a warning about theperils native communities and fragile environments faceas they become popular tourism spots (Mastny). TheEcotourism Society defines ecotourism as purposefultravel to natural areas to understand the culture andnatural history of the environment, taking care not toalter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producingeconomic opportunities that make the conservation ofnatural resources beneficial to local people (Tenenbaum). As the popularity of ecotourism continues to grow by 15 25% each year (Ewert and 1 Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights 3tourism development and tourists themselves shouldobserve the social and cultural traditions and practicesof all peoples, including those of minorities and indigenous peoples and to recognize their worth ( ).)

3 Many activists point out the ironic dangers of ecotourism in nations and regions already fragile fromyears of economic and environmental Hayes, president of the environmental activistgroup Rainforest Action Network, notes that in theAmazon indigenous people s use of the forest forfirewood, meat, and agriculture sometimes comes inconflict with tourists wishes to keep the land pristine ( Is Ecotourism Good for the Planet? 108). Stripped bygovernment officials and private groups that benefitdirectly from tourist dollars indigenous peoples feelthat they are left with no alternatives but impoverish-ment and resentment ( Is Ecotourism Good for thePlanet? 108). The tourists themselves might remaincompletely ignorant of these tensions; observingwildlife and photographing rare orchids, they overlookthe simmering poverty that the preservation of theenvironment is causing to the very people who dependon the forest to make their region of growing tensions among ecotourism outfitters, government officials whobenefit financially, and indigenous peoples whose livesare disrupted is the South Pacific.

4 Helu-Thaman lamentsthe move from a land-based, ecologically aware nativeeconomy in many Pacific Island nations to an economy(and people) tenuously based on such touristically 514 Appendix A Conducting Research in the Global Era45 Topic sentencesignals thatdifferingperspectives willbe comparedTransition verb laments smoothlyconnectsCasaundra swriting withquoted sourceCopyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights 2 Shultis), the role of education in the sustainable practiceof ecotourism becomes increasingly of its boom in popularity, the very term ecotourism has, in some quarters, become suspect(Zurick). Some activists and conservationists areconcerned that irresponsibly managed tourism, prepack-aged with the consumer-friendly label ecotourism, does just as much damage to the environment as regulartourism. To address this growing problem, severalstudies and much field Research have demonstrated thatwhen local communities, nongovernmental organiza-tions (NGOs), and tourism facilitators cooperate,ecotourism can indeed achieve its goals of providingeconomic benefits to a fragile community, preservingand protecting the local environment, and promoting a sustainable lifestyle to those tourists who at an ethical universal standard for ecotourism has been the goal of many nonprofit andNGO groups working to clarify guidelines for sustain-able tourism.

5 At the seventh session of the Commissionon Sustainable Development in 1999, delegates createda Global Code of Ethics for Tourism ( ). This Code of Ethics, along with othercodes and qualifiers for evaluating ecotourism (seeKimmel 42), makes it quite clear that ecotourism involves much more than staying in a posh beach resorteating vegetarian food, or riding on tour buses into theremote jungle to stare at villagers. Especially importantin the code are principles that uphold the rights andempowerment of native peoples; six of the ten articlesof the code are founded in the idea that stakeholders in Sample Student Research Paper513 Thesis statementoffers solution todefined problem23 Online sourcesoften do not have page numbers;parentheticalcitation includessource authoronlyAfter fullyspelling out term,Casaundra givesabbreviation forfuture referenceEach paragraphbegins with cleartopic sentenceComplete URL istoo long forparentheticalcitation; this is anaccurate andusefulabbreviationCopyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company.

6 All rights 4salable aspects of their culture as song, dance, and hand-icrafts, rather than on the more productive environment-based aspects (104). In the island nation of Fiji, forexample, tourism is the main industry; with 260,000visitors each year, the island is the leading tourist desti-nation in the region (Zurick). However, as Zurickreports, while tourism accounts for 75% of Fiji sforeign-exchange earnings, it is also linked to loss ofecological values, loss of fisheries, coastal damage byresort construction .. and the disruption of traditionalenvironmental activities. More problematic is themovement of Fijian tourists away from establishedresort areas to underdeveloped sites as part of ecotourism programs (Zurick); these sites are espe-cially vulnerable to vacations labeled ecotourism strictly foradvertising purposes, or green appeal, may or may nothave detrimental effects on their destinations.

7 WhileHashimoto argues that there is some benefit to keepingtravelers restricted to controllable environments likeresorts or cruise ships, minimizing their impact onfragile environments (82), a 1999 study by the nonprofitgroup Conservation International found that, in 1994,only ten percent of sewage generated by Caribbeancruise ships received any kind of treatment. The reportnotes that poor sewage treatment can lead to pollutionof ground and surface water, bacterial growth, thesmothering of corals, the accumulation of toxins inaquatic and marine organisms, and algal blooms, whichreduce oxygen available to other organisms and cancause biologically dead areas (Tenenbaum). Sample Student Research Paper5156 Anothertransition verb( argues )integrates quotedsource materialwith Casaundra sown opinionsThe author hasalready beennamed, so theparentheticalcitation need onlyinclude the pagenumberCopyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company.

8 All rights 5 Tenenbaum goes on to cite a study by the Annals ofTourism Research that finds environmental degradationcaused byresorts and cruise ships eventually leadstourists to abandon a region, leaving the indigenouspeoples in even greater economic and promote responsible ecotourism, NGOs andregional groups are beginning to work together touphold the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Forexample, the nonprofit environmental group Sierra Clubhas developed a program of Service Outings, in whichtourists participate in ecologically conscious projectsthat raise their appreciation of the natural environmentwhile upholding the principles of Article 3 of the code,including the goal that tourism infrastructure should bedesigned and tourism activities programmed in such away as to protect the natural heritage composed ofecosystems and biodiversity and to preserve endangeredspecies of wildlife ( ).

9 On one such service outing, tourists in Maui helped in a study ofhumpback whales, which led to a new law in Hawaiiprotecting whale calving grounds (Sierra).Another example of mutually beneficial cooperationbetween organizers of ecotourism journeys and indige-nous peoples is in Guyana, where the local Kainamaropeople at first resisted incursions into their lands. Asdescribed by Claudette Fleming, an activist and representa-tive for a small Kainamaro community, families at firstresisted their loss of isolation, but gradually came torealize that by becoming stakeholders in ecotourismefforts, they could preserve their way of life and earn 516 Appendix A Conducting Research in the Global Era78 For articlewithout author,parentheticalcitation uses onlyarticle titleClaudette Flemingis quoted withinMastny s article,so the in-textcitation refers toMastnyTopic sentenceestablishesconnectionbetweenprec edingparagraph andthis oneCopyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company.

10 All rights 6financial resources in ways that other choices, such aslogging or gold mining, would not allow for. TheKainamaro are content to share their culture and creativitywith outsiders, she writes, as long as they remain incontrol of their futures and the pace of cultural change. Forexample, the Kainamaro limit the number of visitors totheir community and require that all outsiders be briefed oncultural sensitivities, such as not wandering into neigh-boring villages uninvited (Mastny).According to Orams and Hill, this kind of thoughtful,careful educating of participants in ecotourismprograms is critical to a sustainable and beneficial expe-rience. Education has received much attention in theecotourism field and is viewed by some as a criticalcomponent of ecotourism experiences, they note intheir study of how ecotourists in Australia wereeducated on how to interact with wild dolphins.


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