SAS 9.2 Language Reference: Dictionary, Fourth …

1 SAS Language ReferenceDictionaryFourth EditionSAS DocumentationThe correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. Language reference : dictionary , Fourth Edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Language reference : dictionary , Fourth EditionCopyright 2011, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USAISBN 978-1-60764-882-6 All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of a hard-copy book:No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SASI nstitute a Web download or e-book:Your use of this publication shall be governed by theterms established by the vendor at the time you acquire this scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or any othermeans without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law.

2 Pleasepurchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourageelectronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of others rights is Government Restricted Rights , duplication, or disclosure of thissoftware and related documentation by the government is subject to the Agreementwith SAS Institute and the restrictions set forth in FAR 19 Commercial ComputerSoftware-Restricted Rights (June 1987).SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina electronic book, January 20112nd electronic book, August 20111st printing, March 2011 SAS Publishing provides a complete selection of books and electronic products to helpcustomers use SAS software to its fullest potential. For more information about oure-books, e-learning products, CDs, and hard-copy books, visit the SAS Publishing Web call and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarksor trademarks of SAS Institute Inc.

3 In the USA and other countries. indicates brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of theirrespective s NewviiOverviewviiSAS System FeaturesviiiSAS Language ElementsxPART1 dictionary of Language Elements 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the SAS Language reference : dictionary 3 The SAS Language reference : Dictionary3 Syntax Conventions for the SAS Language4 Chapter 2 SAS Data Set Options 9 Definition of Data Set Options10 Syntax10 Using Data Set Options10 Data Set Options by Category12 Dictionary14 Data Set Options Documented in Other SAS Publications71 Chapter 3 Formats 81 Definition of Formats84 Syntax84 Using Formats85 Byte Ordering for Integer Binary Data on Big Endian and Little Endian Platforms88 Data Conversions and Encodings89 Working with Packed Decimal and Zoned Decimal Data90 Working with Dates and Times Using the ISO 8601 Basic and Extended Notations94 Formats by Category99 Dictionary108 Formats Documented in Other SAS Publications285 Chapter 4 Functions and CALL Routines 295 Definitions of Functions and CALL Routines306 Syntax306 Using Functions and CALL Routines308 Function Compatibility with SBCS, DBCS.

4 And MBCS Character Sets313 Using Random-Number Functions and CALL Routines314 Date and Time Intervals328 Pattern Matching Using Perl Regular Expressions (PRX)333 Using Perl Regular Expressions in the DATA Step334 Writing Perl Debug Output to the SAS Log343 Perl Artistic License Compliance344ivBase SAS Functions for Web Applications344 Functions and CALL Routines by Category345 Dictionary370 Functions and CALL Routines Documented in Other SAS Publications1249 References1255 Chapter 5 Informats 1257 Definition of Informats1259 Syntax1260 Using Informats1260 Byte Ordering for Integer Binary Data on Big Endian and Little EndianPlatforms1263 Working with Packed Decimal and Zoned Decimal Data1265 Reading Dates and Times Using the ISO 860 Basic and Extended Notations1269 Informats by Category1273 Dictionary1280 Informats Documented in Other Base SAS Publications1418 Chapter 6 Statements 1425 Definition of Statements1427 DATA Step Statements1427 Global Statements1434 Dictionary1436 SAS Statements Documented in Other SAS Publications1809 Chapter 7

5 SAS System Options 1817 Definition of System Options1822 Syntax1822 Using SAS System Options1823 Comparisons1831 SAS System Options by Category1831 Dictionary1844 SAS System Options Documented in Other SAS Publications2059 PART2 dictionary of Component Object Language Elements 2081 Chapter 8 Component Objects 2083 DATA Step Component Objects2083 The DATA Step Component Interface2083 Dot Notation and DATA Step Component Objects2084 Rules When Using Component Objects2085 Chapter 9 Hash and Hash Iterator Object Language Elements 2087 Chapter 10 Java Object Language Elements 2145 Java Object Methods by Category2145 Dictionary2146vPART3 Appendixes 2171 Appendix 1 DATA Step Debugger 2173 Introduction2174 Basic Usage2175 Advanced Usage: Using the Macro Facility with the Debugger2176 Examples2177 Commands2189 Dictionary2190 Appendix 2 Perl Regular Expression (PRX) Metacharacters 2205 Tables of Perl Regular Expression (PRX) Metacharacters2205 Appendix 3 SAS Utility Macro 2213 Appendix 4 Recommended Reading 2217 Recommended Reading2217 Index 2219viviiWhat s NewOverviewThe SAS Base new features, Language elements, and enhancements to thelanguage elements continue to expand the capabilities of SAS: SAS now supports the next generation Internet Protocol, IPv6, as well as IPv4.

6 The DATA step component Java object enables instantiation of Java classes andaccessing fields and methodsChapter 10, Java Object Language Elements, onpage 2145 on resultant objects. The SAS logging facility is a new logging subsystem that can be used to collect,categorize, and filter log events and write them to various output devices. Thelogging facility can be used to log SAS server events or events that are initiatedfrom SAS programs. This feature is new for SAS Phase 2. In addition to SAS Monospace and SAS Monospace Bold TrueType fonts, newTrueType fonts are available when you install SAS. Universal Printing now supports Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), PortableNetwork Graphics (PNG), and PDFA-1b print output formats. You can access remote files by using the Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)access method. SAS now reads and writes ISO 8601 dates, time, and intervals. In support of batch programming, if a program terminates without completion, thenew checkpoint mode enables programs to be resubmitted in restart mode,resuming with the DATA or PROC step that was executing when the programterminated.

7 In the Functions and CALL Routines section there are several new andenhanced functions as well as functions that were previously in other products andthat are now part of Base SAS. The functions that moved from the RiskDimensions product calculate the call and put prices from European options onfutures, based on various models. The functions that moved from SAS/ETS returninformation about various date and time intervals. The functions from SASHigh-Performance Forecasting return specific dates. The documentation for string functions and CALL routines now has a restrictionthat identifies whether theses functions and CALL routines support Single ByteviiiWhat s NewCharacter Sets (SBCS), Double Byte Character Sets (DBCS), or Multi-ByteCharacter Sets (MBCS). This distinction is important because improper use ofthese functions and CALL routines can result in unexpected behavior in programsthat are written in a non-English Language .

8 The description for the restrictions islocated in the Function Compatibility with DBCS, MBCS, and SBCS CharacterSets section of the documentation. In a DATA step, you can track the execution of code within a DO group. The DATA statement has an optional argument for you to write a note to the SAS log whenthe DO statement begins and ends. New SAS system options enable you to set a default record length, specify optionsfor accessing PDF files, specify values for Scalable Vector Graphics, support thecheckpoint mode and the restart mode, and support fonts. Some of the new features for the DATA step object attributes, operators, andmethods remove all items from the hash object without deleting the instance of thehash object, consolidate the FIND and ADD methods into a single method call,return the number of items in the hash object, and specifies a starting key item foriteration. In previous versions ofSAS Language reference : dictionary , references tolanguage elements in other publications were included in their respectivedictionary for each Language element type.

9 For example, you could find a referencefor the $BIDI format in the format dictionary entries. You can now find referencesto Language elements that are documented in other publications within eachsection for the Language element types. Online, this section appears just before thedictionary entries for each Language element type. In the PDF or print copy, thissection appears as the last topic for each Language element section that describes how SAS syntax is written has been added. This sectioncontains examples of how to interpret the System FeaturesCheckpoint Mode and Restart ModeIf a batch program terminates before it completes and it was started in checkpointmode, the program can be resubmitted in restart mode, resuming with the DATA orPROC step that was executing when the program terminated. DATA and PROC stepsthat have already completed do not need to be rerun. See Checkpoint Mode andRestart Mode inSAS Language reference : for ISO 8601 Basic and Extended Time NotationsIn SAS , the formats and informats that support the ISO 8601 basic andextended time notations were documented in theSAS XML LIBNAME: User sGuide.

10 These formats and informats have been renamed and are now documented inSAS Language reference : new names clearly distinguish the basic and extended formats and can see the renamed formats and informats in their respective sections in thetopics that follow. In addition, a new CALL routine, IS8601_CONVERT, converts ISO8601 intervals to datetime and duration values, and datetime and duration values to anISO 8601 s NewixSupport for IPv6 SAS introduces support for the "next generation" of Internet Protocol, IPv6,which is the successor to the current Internet Protocol, IPv4. Rather than replacingIPv4 with IPv6, SAS supports both protocols. A primary reason for the new protocolis that the limited supply of 32-bit IPv4 address spaces is being depleted. IPv6 uses a128-bit address scheme, which provides more IP addresses than IPv4 more information, see Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) inSAS LanguageReference: Printing and New TrueType FontsIn SAS , all Universal Printers and many SAS/GRAPH devices use the FreeTypeengine to render TrueType fonts for output in all of the operating environments thatSAS software supports.