SECOND EDITION HOMELAND SECURITY AND TERRORISM

1 HOMELAND SECURITY AND TERRORISMSECOND EDITIONL arry K. GainesCalifornia State University at San BernardinoJanine KremlingCalifornia State University at San BernardinoVictor E. KappelerEastern Kentucky University330 Hudson Street, NY NY 12/28/18 4:45 PMISBN-10: 0-13-454917-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-454917-01 18 Copyright 2019, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For informa-tion regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit President, Portfolio Management: Andrew GilfillanPortfolio Manager: Gary BauerEditorial Assistant: Lynda CramerField Marketing Manager: Bob NisbetProduct Marketing Manager: Heather TaylorDirector, Digital Studio and Content Production: Brian HylandManaging Producer: Jennifer SargunarContent Producer: Rinki KaurManager, Rights Management: Johanna BurkeOperations Specialist: Deidra SmithCreative Digital Lead: Mary SienerManaging Producer, Digital Studio: Autumn BensonContent Producer, Digital Studio: Maura BarclayFull-Service Management and Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt.

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3 , authors, licensees, or of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Gaines, Larry K., author. | Kappeler, Victor E., : HOMELAND SECURITY / Larry K. Gaines, California State University at San Bernardino, Victor E. Kappeler, Eastern Kentucky : SECOND EDITION . | Boston : Prentice Hall, [2019]Identifiers: LCCN 2017052302| ISBN 9780134549170 | ISBN 0134549171 Subjects: LCSH: United States. Office of HOMELAND SECURITY . | TERRORISM United States Prevention. | National SECURITY United States. | Internal SECURITY United : LCC .G35 2019 | DDC dc23 LC record available at 22/28/18 4:45 PMDedicationThis book is dedicated to the fine men and women in the military, federal agencies, state agencies, and local governments who protect 32/28/18 4:45 42/28/18 4:45 PMv ContentsPREFACE xvACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiiiPART 1 The Foundation for HOMELAND SECURITY 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to HOMELAND SECURITY 1 Introduction 1 The United States and Terrorist Attacks 4 What Is HOMELAND SECURITY ?

4 6 HOMELAND SECURITY Missions and Goals 6 Definitional Issues and HOMELAND SECURITY 8 Collateral Benefits from HOMELAND SECURITY 11 The Scope of HOMELAND SECURITY 11 Pre-9/11 Efforts to Improve HOMELAND SECURITY 13 The 9/11 Commission Report 14 The National Strategy for HOMELAND SECURITY 17 Intelligence and Warning 17 Border and Transportation SECURITY 17 Domestic Counterterrorism 19 Protecting Critical Infrastructure 20 Defend Against Catastrophic Events 21 Emergency Preparedness and Response 22 Legal Initiatives 23 Science and Technology 24 Information Sharing and Systems 25 International Cooperation 26 Costs of HOMELAND SECURITY 27 Indirect Costs 29 Summary 29 Discussion Questions 30 References 30 Chapter 2 The HOMELAND SECURITY Apparatus 32 Introduction 32 Department of HOMELAND SECURITY 33 Political Considerations in the Creation of the Department of HOMELAND SECURITY 33 White House and Congressional Oversight 35 Agency Confusion and Mission Distortion 52/28/18 4.

5 45 PMContents vi The Structure of the Department of HOMELAND SECURITY 37 DHS Administrative and Support Agencies 39 Transportation SECURITY Administration Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Customs Enforcement 45 Investigating Illegal Movement of People and Goods Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Secret Service Coast Guard 51 Federal Emergency Management Agency 53 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 54 Domestic Nuclear Detection Office 54 Department of Defense and HOMELAND SECURITY 55 State-Level HOMELAND SECURITY 56 Summary 57 Discussion Questions 58 References 58 Chapter 3 Overview of National Infrastructure Protection 60 Introduction 60 Threats to Critical Infrastructure 62 Federal Agencies Involved in the Protection of Assets 65 Scope of Critical Infrastructure Assets 66 Critical Infrastructure Sectors 67 National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program 68 The National Infrastructure Protection Plan.

6 Conceptual Operation of HOMELAND SECURITY Protection 69 Set Goals and Objectives 70 Identify Infrastructures 70 Assess and Analyze Risks 71 Implement Risk Management Activities 72 Measure Effectiveness 73 Critique of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan Model 73A Bottom-Up Approach 75 The Buffer Zone Protection Plan 76 The Reality of Critical Infrastructure Protection: States Responsibilities 76 Key Critical Infrastructure Sectors 77 Water and Wastewater Systems 77 Chemical Sector 78 Commercial Facilities Sector 78 Communications Sector 80 Critical Manufacturing Sector 80 Dams Sector 81 Defense Industrial Base Sector 82 Emergency Services Sector 82 Energy 82 Transportation SECURITY 84 Ground Transportation 84 Infrastructure from the Terrorists Viewpoint 62/28/18 4:45 PMContents vii Complacency: The Threat to HOMELAND SECURITY 88 Summary 88 Discussion Questions 89 References 89 Chapter 4 Legal Aspects of HOMELAND SECURITY 91 Introduction 91 Presidential Executive Orders and Directives 92 Executive Orders of President Clinton 93 Executive Orders of President George W.

7 Bush 97 Executive Orders of President Barack Obama 100 Executive Orders of President Donald Trump 102 Federal Antiterrorism Statutes 103 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 103 The USA PATRIOT Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 110 Summary 112 Discussion Questions 113 References 113 PART 2 HOMELAND SECURITY and TERRORISM 115 Chapter 5 Political and Social Foundations of TERRORISM 115 Introduction 115 Continuum of Social Conflict 116 Defining TERRORISM 117A Brief History of TERRORISM 121 Early Forms of TERRORISM 121 The French Revolution 122 Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century TERRORISM 122 TERRORISM in the Late Twentieth Century 123 TERRORISM in Early America 124 TERRORISM Today 124 The Roots and Causes of TERRORISM 125 Globalization 125 Religion 126 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 127 Russian Invasion of Afghanistan 127 Wahhabism 128 Authoritarian Governments 128 Failed States and TERRORISM 129 Individual Explanations of TERRORISM 130 Types of TERRORISM 132 State-Sponsored TERRORISM 132 Dissent TERRORISM 133 Terrorists on the Left and Right 133 Religious TERRORISM 133 Criminal TERRORISM 134 Level of Terrorist Activities 72/28/18 4.

8 45 PMContents viii Strategies for Dealing with TERRORISM 136 Crushing Terrorist Groups Unilaterally 136 Crushing Terrorist Groups Multilaterally 136 Containment 137 Defense 137 Diversion 138 Delegitimation 138 Transforming Terrorist Breeding Grounds 138 Women Terrorists 140 Summary 141 Discussion Questions 142 References 142 Chapter 6 The Nature and Geography of Terrorist Groups, State Sponsors of Terror, and Safe Havens 145 Introduction 145 Foreign Terrorist Organizations 148 Middle East and North Africa Groups 148 African Groups 154 Asian Groups 156 Latin American Groups 158 European Groups 160 TERRORISM in America 162 Radical Muslim-Inspired TERRORISM 162 Right-Wing Terrorists and Militias 166 Eco- TERRORISM and Animal Rights Groups 168 Summary 168 Discussion Questions 169 References 169 Chapter 7 Transnational Organized Crime and TERRORISM 171 Introduction 172 Defining Transnational Organized Crime 172 Distinguishing Types or Categories of Crime 175 Impact of Transnational Organized Crime 176 Conditions Facilitating Transnational Organized Crime 178 Networking.

9 The Etiology of Transnational Organized Crime Groups 180 Political Models 180 Economic Models 180 Social Models 181 How Transnational Crime Is Organized 181 Standard Hierarchy 182 Regional Hierarchy 183 Clustered Hierarchy 183 Core Group 183 Criminal Network 184 Transnational Organized Crime Activities 184 Drug Trafficking 184 Human Trafficking 186 Smuggling of Technology and WMD Materials 187 Arms Trafficking 82/28/18 4:45 PMContents ix Trafficking in Precious Gems 189 Piracy 190 Non-Drug Contraband Smuggling 192 Counterfeiting 192 Theft 192 Financial Fraud 193 Environmental Crimes 193 Failed States and Transnational Organized Crime and TERRORISM 194 Links Between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorist Organizations 195 The Continuum of TERRORISM and Transnational Organized Crime 197 Incentives for TOC and Terrorist Organizations to Cooperate 198 Summary 199 Discussion Questions 199 References 200 PART 3 Defeating Terrorists and Their Activities 202 Chapter 8 Intelligence and Counterintelligence and TERRORISM 202 Introduction 203 Intelligence Failure What Does It Mean?

10 204 The Director of National Intelligence 205 Conceptual Overview of HOMELAND SECURITY Intelligence 206 Types of Intelligence Collection Activities 207 Human Intelligence 207 Signals Intelligence 208 Measures and Signatures Intelligence 209 Imagery Intelligence 209 Open Source Intelligence 209 Agencies within the American Intelligence Community 210 Central Intelligence Agency 210 Defense Intelligence Agency 211 Department of Energy 211 Department of HOMELAND SECURITY 212 Department of State 214 Department of the Treasury 215 Drug Enforcement Administration 216 Federal Bureau of Investigation 217 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 219 National Reconnaissance Office 221 National SECURITY Agency 221 Armed Services Intelligence 224 Intersection of Policy Decisions and Intelligence: The Intelligence Cycle 224 Joint Special Operations Command Specialized Military Antiterrorism Agencies 225 Counterintelligence 226 National Counterterrorism Center 92/28/18 4:45 PMContents x The Globalization of Intelligence 228 Domestic Industrial Espionage 229 Summary 230 Discussion Questions 231 References 231 Chapter 9 HOMELAND SECURITY and Weapons of Mass Destruction 234 Introduction 234 Defining Weapons of Mass Destruction 235 National TERRORISM Advisory System 236 History of the Deployment of WMDs 237 Historical Precedents for Biological WMDs 237 Historical Precedents for Chemical WMDs 239 The Threat of Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction.