SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS STRANGULATION

1 AND SYMPTOMS OFSTRANGULATIONLoss of memoryLoss of consciousnessBehavioral changesLoss of sensationExtremity weaknessDifficulty speakingFaintingUrinationDefecationVomit ingDizzinessHeadachesPetechiae to eyeballPetechiae to eyelidBloody red eyeball(s)Vision changesDroopy eyelidRaspy or hoarse voiceUnable to speakTrouble swallowingPainful to swallowClearing the throatCoughingNauseaDroolingSore throatStridorPetechiaeScratch marksFacial droopingSwellingDifficulty breathingRespiratory distressUnable to breatheChest painRednessScratch marksBruisingAbrasionsPetechiae (tiny red spots)Bald spots (from hair being pulled)Swelling on the head (from blunt force trauma or falling to the ground)Ringing in earsPetechiae on earlobe(s)

2 Bruising behind the earBleeding in the earBruisingSwollen tongueSwollen lipsCuts/abrasionsInternal PetechiaeRednessScratch marksFinger nail impressionsBruising (thumb or fingers)SwellingLigature or Clothing MarksSource: STRANGULATION in Intimate Partner Violence, Chapter 16, Intimate Partner Violence. Oxford University Press, Inc. & Graphics by Yesenia Acevesv (visible SIGNS m ay not be present) Diana Faugno MSN, RN, CPN, SANE-A, SANE-P, FAAFS, DF-IAFN Diana Faugno graduated with a bachelor of Science in nursing -University of North Dakota and a Master of Science in nursing -University of Phoenix.

3 Ms. Faugno is a Founding Board Director for End Violence Against Women International (EVAWI) She is a member of the Board of Directors for the California American Professional Society on the Abuse of is the current president of the Acadmey of Forensic Nurses as well as a retired-fellow in the American Academy of Forensic Science and a Distinguished Fellow in the International Association of Forensic Nurses. She currently is the nurse examiner at the Barbara Sinatra Childrens Center and a nurse examiner for Eisenhower Medical Center s SART team.

4 She is the co-author on numberous textbooks and papers on dealing with the forensic medical aspects of violence. RECOMMENDATIONS for the MEDICAL/RADIOGRAPHICEVALUATION of ACUTE ADULT, NON-FATAL STRANGULATIONV ersion 9/16 WSSB rochure Design byYesenia Aceves CT Angio of carotid/vertebral arteries (GOLD STANDARD for evaluation of vessels and bony/cartilaginous structures, less sensitive for soft tissue trauma) or CT neck with contrast (less sensitive than CT Angio for vessels, good for bony/cartilaginous structures) or MRA of neck (less sensitive than CT Angio for vessels, best for soft tissue trauma)

5 Or MRI of neck (less sensitive than CT Angio for vessels and bony/cartilaginous structures, best study for soft tissue trauma) or MRI/MRA of brain (most sensitive for anoxic brain injury, stroke SYMPTOMS and intercerebral petechial hemorrhage) Carotid Doppler Ultrasound (NOT RECOMMENDED: least sensitive study, unable to adequately evaluate vertebral arteries or proximal internal carotid) No LOC (anoxic brain injury) No visual changes: spots , flashing light , tunnel vision No petechial hemorrhage No soft tissue trauma to the neck No dyspnea, dysphonia or odynophagia No neurological SIGNS or SYMPTOMS ( LOC, seizures, mental status changes, amnesia, visual changes, cortical blindness, movement disorder, stroke-like symtoms) And reliable home monitoring1.

6 Evaluate carotid and vertebral arteries for injuries2. Evaluate bony/cartilaginous and soft tissue neck structures3. Evaluate brain for anoxic injuryGOALS: Loss of Consciousness (anoxic brain injury) Visual changes: spots , flashing light , tunnel vision Facial, intraoral or conjunctival petechial hemorrhage Ligature mark or neck contusions Soft tissue neck injury/swelling of the neck/cartoid tenderness Incontinence (bladder and/or bowel from anoxic injury) Neurological SIGNS or SYMPTOMS (LOC, seizures, mental status changes, amnesia, visual changes, cortical blindness, movement disorders, stroke-like symtoms.)

7 Dysphonia/Aphonia (hematoma, laryngeal fracture, soft tissue swelling, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury) Dyspnea (hematoma, laryngeal fractures, soft tissue swelling, phrenic nerve injury) Subcutaneous emphysema (tracheal/laryngeal rupture)History of and/or physical exam with:Recommended Radiographic Studies to Rule Out Life-Threatening Injuries*(including delayed presentations of up to 6 months)Continued ED/Hospital Observation(based on severity of SYMPTOMS and reliable home monitoring) Consult Neurology Neurosurgery/Trauma Surgery for admission Consider ENT consult for laryngeal trauma with dysphoniaDischarge home with detailed instructions to return to ED if.

8 Neurological SIGNS / SYMPTOMS , dyspnea, dysphonia or odynophagia develops or worsensStrangulation patient presents to the Emergency Department(-)(+)*References on page 2 History of and/or physical exam with ANY of the following:Endorsed by the National Medical Advisory Committee: Bill Smock, MD, Chair; Cathy Baldwin, MD; William Green, MD; Dean Hawley, MD; Ralph Riviello, MD; Heather Rozzi, MD; Steve Stapczynski, MD; Ellen Tailiaferro, MD; Michael Weaver, MDPrepared by Bill Smock, MD and Sally Sturgeon, DNP, SANE-AOffice of the Police Surgeon, Louisville Metro Police RECOMMENDATIONS for the MEDICAL/RADIOGRAPHICEVALUATION of ACUTE ADULT, NON-FATAL STRANGULATIONV ersion 9/16 WSSB rochure Design byYesenia A, Thoeny H, Ross S, et al.

9 Life-threatening versus non-life-threatening manual STRANGULATION : are there appropriate criteria for MR imaging of the neck?. Eur Radiol 2009;19: A, Oesterhelweg L, Ross S, et al. Can MRI of the Neck Compete with Clinical Findings in Assessing Danger to Life for Survivors of Manual STRANGULATION ? A Statistical Analysis, Legal Med 2010;12 K, Thali MJ, Aghayev E, et al. STRANGULATION SIGNS : Initial Correlation of MRI, MSCT, and Forensic Neck Findings, J Magn Reson Imaging 2005;22 JS, STRANGULATION Injuries, Emergency Medicine Reports 2010;31(17) K, Vock P, Christe A, et al.

10 Clinical Forensic Radiology in STRANGULATION Victims: Forensic expertise based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, Int J Legal Med 2007;121 AM, Higashida RT, Halback VV, et al. Patient Presentation Angiographic Features and Treatment of STRANGULATION -Induced Bilateral Dissection of the Cervical Carotid Artery: Report of three cases, J Neurosurg 2000;92(3) Paolo M, Guidi B, Bruschini L, et al. Unexpected delayed death after manual STRANGULATION : need for care examination in the emergency room, Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2009;Sep;71(3) A, Samarasekera A and Jayasena A, An Uncommon Delayed Sequela After Pressure on the Neck: An autopsy case report, Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2012;33 A, Hirose G, Kataoka, et al.