Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers

1 Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized FertilizersSlow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers : An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Trenkel International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)Paris, France, 2010 The designation employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opi-nion whatsoever on the part of the International Fertilizer Industry Association. This includes matters pertaining to the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimi-tation of its frontiers or , rue Marbeuf, 75008 Paris, FranceTel: +33 1 53 93 05 00 Fax: +33 1 53 93 05 45/ and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers : An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Efficiency in edition, IFA, Paris, France, October 2010 Copyright 2010 IFA.

2 All rights reservedISBN 978-2-9523139-7-1 The publication can be downloaded from IFA s web obtain paper copies, contact in FranceLayout: Claudine Aholou-Putz, IFAG raphics: H l ne Ginet, IFA3 ContentsAbout the book and the author 6 Acknowledgements 7 Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols 8 Introduction 111. Definitions of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors 162. Development and manufacture of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification and urease inhibitors Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors 203.

3 Characteristics and types of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Characteristics of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers available for application Coated/encapsulated slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Characteristics of nitrification inhibitors General Types of nitrification inhibitors available for application Characteristics of urease inhibitors General Types of urease inhibitors available for application 544. Advantages and disadvantages of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Advantages Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease Inhibitors 664 Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Disadvantages Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors 695.

4 Options for the application of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors DCD DMPP Nitrapyrin (N-Serve ) Urease inhibitors Nitrification and urease inhibitors in tropical crops 876. Environmental aspects of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors 997. Consumption and economics of slow- and Controlled-Release and nitrification and urease inhibitors Consumption Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors Costs and benefits of slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors 1118.

5 Legislation and registration Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification inhibitors Urease inhibitors 1199. Research Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers Nitrification and urease inhibitors 1225 Addendum. Manufacturers and distributors of slow- and controlled- release Fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors 1251. urea reaction products/ Slow- release Fertilizers 1252. Coated/encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers 1263. Nitrification inhibitors 1284. Urease inhibitors 129 Annex I. Methods used to test Controlled-Release Fertilizers in Japan 130 Annex II. Laboratory methods used to test slow- and controlled- release Fertilizers in China 131 References 1336 Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized fertilizersAbout the book and the authorAbout the bookThis book is a revision of the IFA publication Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency: Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers in Agriculture by the same author, published in 1997.

6 It is intended for use by the fertilizer industry, policy makers and scientists. The main objectives of the book are to: Provide an up-to-date state of scientific knowledge on issues related to the development, production and use of slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers ; Explain the importance of slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers to improve nutrient use efficiency; Present slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized fertilizer products that are currently available; Assess the current market and prospects for slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers ; and Discuss the policy and regulatory frameworks needed to maximize the benefits from using slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized book is a contribution to IFA s efforts to promote nutrient stewardship through the use of the right product(s) at the right rate, right time and right place (IFA, 2009).

7 About the authorMartin Trenkel is a German scientist. He is an accredited Agricultural Engineer from the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, Germany, with plant nutrition and soil science as top subjects. He also holds a PhD degree in agriculture from the same Trenkel joined BASF Aktiengesellschaft in 1955 as an agricultural adviser overseas. He travelled extensively consulting and lecturing in the Middle East, Latin America, Africa, Europe and the Far East. From 1962 to 1968, he was based in Uruguay for the BASF Agricultural Division, coordinating BASF s agricultural services in Latin America ( Fertilizers and plant protection).

8 He retired in 1991, as the Director Fertilizer Product Management, in the Fertilizer Division of Trenkel has also served as: Chairman of the Technical Sub-Committee of the FAO/Fertilizer Industry Advisory Committee (FIAC) in Rome; Chairman of the FIAC 'Ad-hoc Working Party on Fertilizer Marketing and Credit' in Rome;7 Chairman of the Technical Committee of the Centre d'Etude de L'Azote in Z rich; Vice-Chairman of the Agricultural Committee of the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) in has authored and co-authored several publications. Since 1991, Martin Trenkel has been a consultant for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association (EFMA) and the German Foundation for International Development (DSE), among wish to thank Sadao Shoji (Sendai, Japan) for his considerable support in guiding, commenting and providing valuable suggestions for the chapters on slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers .

9 Also I wish to thank Anton Amberger (Freising/Weihenstephan, Germany) for his contributions, valuable discussions and help with the chapters on nitrification and urease inhibitors. Their support has greatly determined the structure of this thanks also to Johnny ( ) Johnston (Rothamsted Research, UK) for editing the manuscript on behalf of , I want to thank all the speakers at the IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers , held in June 2005 in Frankfurt, Germany. The data and conclusions they presented have contributed to this particular, my thanks go to those with whom I have had discussions and who have sent me their published literature.

10 They are acknowledged in the references, as are all the other authors whose publications have been used in writing this wish particularly to thank Luc Maene, Director General of IFA, for his initiative, which has led to this publication; Patrick Heffer for his excellent cooperation and advice during writing; Angela Olegario for her kind assistance, specifically reading and correcting the drafts; Claudine Aholou-P tz and H l ne Ginet for the layout and graphics in preparation for , I want to thank my daughter, Katharina, for dealing with the vast correspondence with many different people during the writing of this and Controlled-Release and Stabilized fertilizersAbbreviations, acronyms and symbols(as used in the book)AbbreviationsAI Activity indexAM 2-Amino-4-chloro-6-methyl-pyramidineAS ammonium sulphateASN ammonium sulphate nitrateATP AdenosintriphosphateATS ammonium thiosulphateBMP Best management practiceCAN Calcium ammonium nitrateCDU Cyclo diurea (condensation product of urea and acetaldehyde)