Smoking Cancer - Smoking and Cancer

1 July 2017. Smoking and Cancer 4. Introduction This fact sheet reviews the risks of developing various types of Cancer from Smoking , other tobacco use and exposure to other people's tobacco smoke. It is estimated that 1 in 2 people born after 1960 in the UK will be diagnosed with some form of Cancer during their lifetime and that more than one in four will die from the Up to two in three long-term smokers are expected to die from a Smoking -related Smoking is the single biggest avoidable risk factor for Cancer . tobacco smoke is estimated to be responsible for nearly one fifth (64,500) of all new Cancer cases a year and causes 27% of all Cancer deaths in the 4 The most recent statistics for the UK show that 19% of all cancers are linked to exposure to tobacco 4.

2 Worldwide, one in five Cancer deaths (22%) is caused by Over the years the tobacco epidemic has grown in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs), although they are still at an earlier stage of the epidemic than high income LMICs currently account for about 57% of all cases and 65% of Cancer deaths worldwide, with lung Cancer now being the leading cause of Cancer morbidity and mortality among men in these However, it is estimated that, as the tobacco epidemic matures, the future burden of tobacco -related cancers on less economically developed countries is expected to lead to a 70% increase in tobacco -related Cancer In October 2009, under the auspices of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

3 Scientists from 10 countries met to reassess the carcinogenicity of several compounds, including tobacco . Some more recent studies and the IARC review, published by The Lancet Oncology, conclude that there is sufficient evidence to confirm that Smoking is a cause of at least 16 types of Cancer , namely, from the head down: paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity (nose); oral cavity (mouth, including lips and tongue); larynx (voice box); pharynx (throat);. oesophagus (gullet); lung; liver; pancreas; kidney; stomach; myeloid leukaemia (a type of bone marrow Cancer ); colorectum (bowel); bladder; ureter; ovary; and 8 Cancer of the ureter has been added to this list since IARC's 2009 Research also shows that there is some evidence to suggest that Smoking is a cause of breast Cancer .

4 The findings have been published as Part E of Volume 100 of the IARC Monographs,9. as well as in several more recent research papers. Emerging evidence also links Cancer to Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate Cancer , endometrial Cancer , and Cancer of the vagina and vulva. Some people are unable to quit Smoking after a Cancer Continued Smoking can limit the effectiveness of Cancer treatments; increase the risk of complications and of developing additional primary and secondary cancers; increase pain; and reduce quality of life and survival. 11. ASH Fact Sheet on Smoking and Cancer Planned review date: March 2019.

5 The risk of Cancer may also be increased when Smoking is combined with other unhealthy risk factors. For example, research suggests current and ex-smokers who drink 15+ units per week may be positively associated with Smoking -related Cancer There is also evidence that alcohol can make it easier for the Cancer -causing tobacco chemicals found in cigarettes to get into tissue and Recent research is in the early stages of discovering the process of how Smoking causes Cancer and damages DNA, , through cell mutations. Most of the mutations affect the tissues with direct exposure to smoke, such as those in the lungs.

6 Until recently, epidemiological research could only link Smoking and Cancer , but now the molecular changes caused by cigarette Smoking can actually be Additional research is needed to unlock the complexities of Cancer development caused by Smoking . Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity While occupational exposure to wood dust is the most common causeof Cancer in the nose and sinus, Smoking has been found to increase the risk of Cancer particularly for squamous cell carcinoma and 15 16 17 Even though nasal Cancer is rare, Smoking significantly increases the risk of developing the A case-control study carried out in the United States found that heavy smokers had a two- to three-fold increased risk of nasal Cancer and that there was also an increased risk associated with snuff Oral cavity Ninety-five per cent (95%)

7 Of all malignant tumours of the oral cavity (mouth) are oral squamous cell Cigarette, pipe and cigar Smoking are all major risk factors for cancers associated with the oral 22 The risk for these cancers increases with the number of cigarettes People who smoke pipes or cigars experience a risk similar to that of cigarette People who combine cannabis, alcohol and tobacco use have a much higher risk of oral cancers than those using each of these substances 25 26 27 It has been estimated that Smoking is a cause of 65% of cancers of the oral cavity (including the lip, tongue and mouth) and pharynx (throat)

8 In the Ninety-one per cent (91%) of all oral cavity and pharynx cancers are In total, 7,688 new cases of oral cavity and pharynx Cancer were recorded in the UK in Oral cavity and pharynx Cancer incidence rates have increased by 68% in males and females combined in the UK since the mid 1990s30 and oral cavity and pharynx Cancer incidence rates are expected to continue to increase by a further 33% from 2014 to Also see: ASH Research Report tobacco and Oral Health. Larynx IARC and the US Surgeon General have both found that there is a causal relationship between Smoking and Cancer of the larynx (voice box).

9 32 33 34 Cigarette, pipe and cigar Smoking are all major risk factors for cancers associated with the 24 Overall, people who have ever smoked cigarettes have laryngeal Cancer risks times greater than never-smokers and Smoking is linked to an estimated 79% of laryngeal Cancer cases in the It has also been shown that the more one smokes and the longer one smokes, the greater the risk of laryngeal 2 ASH Fact Sheet on Smoking and Cancer Pharynx Smoking has been found to cause Cancer of the pharynx (throat).34 It has been estimated that Smoking is a cause of 65% of cancers of the pharynx and oral cavity in the People who combine alcohol and tobacco use have a much higher risk of pharyngeal Cancer than those using tobacco or alcohol 28 29 36 The risk of pharyngeal Cancer decreases rapidly for the first ten years after Smoking Oesophagus tobacco Smoking is a cause of Cancer of the oesophagus (gullet).

10 34 37 38 tobacco and alcohol, acting independently and together, are the main risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in Western The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of Smoking , and remains elevated many years after Smoking 40. According to Cancer Research UK, Smoking is linked to an estimated 66% of oesophageal Cancer cases in the There is a particularly poor prognosis for all-cause oesophageal Cancer ; only 15% of patients are predicted to survive their disease for 5 years or more. 41. Lungs Lung Cancer has been estimated to be the most common Cancer in the world for a number of In 2012, there were an estimated million new cases of lung Cancer worldwide,43.