Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook

1 Solving ProblemsA Chemistry HandbookCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Chemistry : Matter and Changeprogram. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-878757-7 MHID: 0-07-878757-2 Printed in the United States of 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 11 10 09 08 07 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Problems: A Chemistry HandbookChemistry: Matter and ChangeiiiSOLVING PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKS olving Problems: A Chemistry Handbookprovides not onlypractice but guidance in how to solve problems in Handbook covers the main concepts in Chemistry : Matterand Change.

2 The text material is brief; the chapters focusinstead on the example problems, practice problems, and otherquestions that reinforce students knowledge and problem - Solving skills. Answers to the problemsand questions are foundat the back of the book. Solving Problems: A ChemistryHandbookis a powerful tool for independent study, reteaching,and the TeacherCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, : Matter and ChangeSolving Problems: A Chemistry HandbookChapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry .. Stories of Two Chemicals .. and Matter .. Methods .. Research .. 4 Chapter 2 Analyzing Data .. of measurement .. Notation and Dimensional Analysis .. reliable are measurements? .. Data .. 18 Chapter 3 Matter Properties and Changes.

3 Of Matter .. in Matter .. of Matter .. and Compounds .. 27 Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom .. Theories of Matter .. Particles and the Nuclear Atom .. Atoms Differ .. Nuclei and Radioactive Decay .. 39 Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms .. and Quantized Energy .. Theory and the Atom .. Configurations .. 45 Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law .. of the Modern Periodic Table .. of the Elements .. Trends .. 57 Solving PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKC ontentsCopyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Problems: A Chemistry HandbookChemistry: Matter and ChangevChapter 7 Ionic Compounds and Metals .. Chemical Bonds .. Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds .. and Formulas for Ionic Compounds.

4 Bonds and Properties of Metals .. 69 Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding .. Covalent Bond .. Molecules .. Structures .. Shape .. and Polarity .. 79 Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions .. and Equations .. Chemical Reactions .. in Aqueous Solutions .. 87 Chapter 10 The Mole .. Matter .. and the Mole .. of Compounds .. and Molecular Formulas .. Formula for a Hydrate .. 102 Chapter 11 Stoichiometry .. is stoichiometry? .. Calculations .. Reactants .. Yield .. 114 Chapter 12 States of Matter .. of Attraction .. and Solids .. Changes .. 125 Solving PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKC opyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, : Matter and ChangeSolving Problems: A Chemistry HandbookChapter 13 Gases.

5 Gas Laws .. Combined Gas Law and Avogadro s Principle .. Ideal Gas Law .. Stoichiometry .. 136 Chapter 14 Mixtures and Solutions .. are solutions? .. Concentration .. Properties of Solutions .. Mixtures .. 149 Chapter 15 Energy and Chemical Change .. in Chemical Reactions and Processes .. Equations .. Enthalpy Change .. Spontaneity .. 158 Chapter 16 Reaction Rates .. Model for Reaction Rates .. Affecting Reaction Rates .. Rate Laws .. Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms .. 167 Chapter 17 Chemical Equilibrium .. : A State of Dynamic Balance .. Affecting Chemical Equilibrium .. Equilibrium Constants .. 175 Chapter 18 Acids and Bases .. and Bases: An Introduction .. of Acids and Bases.

6 Is pH? .. 190 Solving PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKC opyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Problems: A Chemistry HandbookChemistry: Matter and ChangeviiChapter 19 Redox Reactions .. and Reduction .. Redox Equations .. 202 Chapter 20 Electrochemistry .. Cells .. of Batteries .. 212 Chapter 21 Hydrocarbons .. Alkanes and Alkane Properties .. and Alkynes .. Hydrocarbons and Petroleum .. 222 Chapter 22 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions .. Groups .. , Ethers, and Amines .. Compounds .. Reactions of Organic Compounds .. 235 Chapter 23 The Chemistry of Life .. Acids .. 242 Chapter 24 Nuclear Chemistry .. Radiation .. Decay .. and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei .. and Effects of Nuclear Reactions.

7 253 Solving PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKC opyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, : Matter and ChangeSolving Problems: A Chemistry HandbookAnswers .. 255 Appendices .. 307 AData Tables .. 308A-1SI Prefixes .. 308A-2 Physical Constants .. 309A-3 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions .. 310A-4 Ionization Constants .. 311A-5 Electronegativities .. 312A-6 Specific Heat Values .. 313A-7 Molal Freezing and Boiling Point Constants .. 313A-8 Heat of Formation Values .. 314A-9 Periodic Table of Elements .. 315A-10 Solubility Product Constants .. 317A-11 Standard Reduction Potentials .. 318 BLogarithms .. 320B-1 Logarithms and Antilogarithms .. 320 Index .. 322 Solving PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKC opyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Problems: A Chemistry HandbookChemistry: Matter and Change1 Introduction to ChemistryIntroduction to ChemistrySOLVING Problems: A Chemistry Stories of Two ChemicalsA chemical is any substance that has a definite composition.

8 Ozoneis a chemical that is made up of three particles of oxygen. Ozoneforms a thick blanket above the clouds in the stratosphere. This layerof ozone protects Earth from overexposure to ultraviolet radiationfrom the Sun. You are probably familiar with the damage that expo-sure to ultraviolet radiation can do to your skin in the form ofsunburn. Ultraviolet radiation can also harm other animals andplants. In the 1980s, scientists documented that the ozone layeraround Earth was becoming measurably thinner in some the 1970s, scientists had observed that large quantities ofchlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had accumulated in Earth s are chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and were used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners andas propellants in spray cans because they were considered relativelynonreactive.

9 Some scientists hypothesized that there might be a con-nection between the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere andthe thinning of the ozone and MatterChemistryis the study of matter and the changes that it anything that has mass and takes up space. Massis ameasurement of the amount of matter in an object. Everything, how-ever, is not made of matter. For example, heat, light, radio waves,and magnetic fields are some things that are not made of might wonder why scientists measure matter in terms ofmass, and not in terms of weight. Your body is made of matter, andyou probably weigh yourself in pounds. However, your weightisnot just a measure of the amount of matter in your body. Yourweight also includes the effect of Earth s gravitational pull on yourbody.

10 This force is not the same everywhere on Earth. Scientists usemass to measure matter instead of weight because they need to com-pare measurements taken in different Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, : Matter and ChangeSolving Problems: A Chemistry HandbookSOLVING PROBLEMS: A Chemistry HANDBOOKCHAPTER1 Matter is made up of particles, called atoms, that are so smallthey cannot be seen with an ordinary light microscope. The struc-ture, composition, and behavior of all matter can be explained byatoms and the changes they there are so many types of matter, there are many areasof study in the field of Chemistry . Chemistry is usually divided intofive branches, as summarized in the table MethodsA scientific methodis a systematic approach used to answer a ques-tion or study a situation.