Transcription of Textile fibres - Texcoms Worldwide
1 Textile fibres Textile Technology knowledge series Volume I Texcoms Textile SOLUTIONS MARCH 31, 2019 i Chapter 1 Introduction to Textile fibres .. 1 1. Introduction: .. 1 Definitions of some important technical terms: .. 2 textiles .. 2 Fibre .. 2 Staple fibres .. 5 Filament .. 5 Types of Textile fibres .. 6 fibres , Yarns and Fabrics .. 9 Fibre Length, Shape and Diameter .. 12 Fibre Colour and Lustre .. 15 Fibre Fineness .. 15 fibres .. 15 Yarns .. 16 Thread .. 20 Basic Requirements of a Textile fibre .. 21 Essential properties .. 22 Desirable properties .. 22 Essential requirements of a Textile fibre .. 22 Fibre Length .. 22 Strength .. 24 Flexibility .. 25 Cohesiveness .. 25 Uniformity .. 26 Desirable properties of Textile fibres .. 27 Durability .. 27 Fineness .. 28 Elastic Recovery and Elongation: .. 29 Resilience .. 29 Flammability and other thermal stability.
2 30 Lustre .. 30 Dye-ability .. 31 ii Moisture Regain .. 31 9 Commercial availability .. 32 Apparel/Domestic Applications .. 32 Requirements for Industrial Textile applications .. 33 Classification of Textile fibres : .. 33 Natural fibres .. 33 Man-made fibres .. 34 Cellulose-Based fibres .. 42 Protein-Based fibres .. 43 Man-made fibres : .. 46 Synthetic fibres : .. 47 Chapter 2 Natural Cellulosic fibres .. 50 Introduction .. 50 Cotton .. 52 Growing and Harvesting .. 57 Ginning .. 57 Structure of Cotton .. 63 Chemical Composition of Cotton and its Chemical Properties .. 66 Physical Properties of Cotton .. 68 Properties of cotton .. 70 Measuring cotton quality .. 71 Naturally Coloured Cotton .. 73 Organic Cotton .. 77 Disadvantages of Organic Cotton .. 80 Bt Cotton .. 80 Protein gene.. 82 Promoter.. 82 Genetic marker.. 82 Cotton Applications in textiles .. 84 Bast fibres .
3 86 iii Flax .. 86 Flax Threshing: .. 89 Retting .. 90 Breaking and Scutching .. 91 Hackling .. 92 Fine Structure and Appearance .. 92 Structural Properties .. 94 Physical Properties .. 94 Chemical Properties .. 95 End-Use Properties .. 95 Jute .. 96 Ramie .. 101 Hemp .. 104 Chapter 3 Natural Protein fibres .. 109 Introduction .. 109 Wool .. 109 Shearing .. 114 Testing .. 115 115 First Stage Processing .. 116 Woollen and Worsted Processing .. 116 Structural Properties .. 119 Structure of Wool .. 120 8 Physical Properties .. 121 Chemical Properties .. 122 End-Use Properties .. 122 Silk .. 124 Silk industry .. 126 Sericulture .. 126 Mulberry .. 129 Tasar .. 129 Silk Reeling .. 130 Reeling and yarn production .. 133 iv Types of Thrown Yarn .. 143 Structure and Properties .. 144 Physical Properties .. 145 Chemical Properties .. 145 Silk in Use .. 146 End-Use Properties.
4 147 Other Specialty Hair fibres .. 147 Cashmere fibres .. 148 Camel Hair fibres .. 149 Mohair fibres .. 149 Applications of Natural Protein fibres .. 151 Chapter 4 Regenerated Cellulosic fibres .. 153 Introduction .. 153 Viscose Rayon .. 156 The History of Viscose Rayon .. 156 Viscose Rayon Production .. 156 Viscose Fibre Appearance .. 160 Physical Properties .. 161 Chemical Properties .. 162 End-Use Properties .. 162 Acetate and Triacetate .. 163 Lyocell Rayon .. 167 The History of Lyocell Rayon .. 167 Lyocell Rayon Production .. 168 Cuprammonium Rayon: .. 170 Applications .. 170 Chapter 5 Synthetic Textile fibres .. 172 Introduction .. 172 Classification of Synthetic fibres .. 173 Polyamide fibres .. 173 Production of Nylon .. 175 v Chemical Structures .. 177 Structure and Properties of Nylon fibres .. 178 Structural Properties .. 178 Physical Properties .. 181 Chemical Properties.
5 182 End-Use Properties .. 183 Applications .. 184 Aramid fibres .. 185 Production of Aramid fibres .. 185 Structure and Properties of Aramid fibres .. 186 Structural Properties .. 188 Chemical Properties .. 189 End-Use Properties .. 189 Applications .. 190 Polyester fibres .. 190 Production of Pet Polyester .. 191 Pet Fibre Formation .. 194 Structure and Properties of Polyester Fibre .. 194 Polyethylene Terephthalate .. 195 Structural Properties .. 195 Physical Properties .. 196 Chemical Properties .. 196 End-Use Properties .. 196 Applications .. 197 Chapter 6 Synthetic Textile fibres .. 198 Introduction .. 198 Polypropylene (Pp) fibres .. 199 Production of Polypropylene (Pp) .. 199 Fibre 200 Types of Yarns .. 200 Spin Finishes .. 202 Additives .. 203 Fibre Structure .. 203 vi Fibre Properties .. 207 Applications .. 207 Other Polyolefin fibres .. 207 Polyethylene and Polypropylene.
6 209 Structural Properties .. 209 Physical Properties .. 209 Chemical Properties .. 210 End-Use Properties .. 210 Acrylic 211 Production of Acrylic fibres .. 211 Fibre 212 Fibre Structure .. 213 Structural Properties .. 213 Physical Properties .. 214 Chemical Properties .. 214 End-Use Properties .. 215 Modacrylic .. 215 Structural Properties .. 216 Physical Properties .. 216 Chemical Properties .. 217 End-Use Properties .. 217 Other Acrylics .. 218 Elastomeric fibres .. 218 Elastane 219 Fibre 220 Fibre Structure .. 220 Fibre Properties .. 220 Applications .. 221 Spandex .. 221 Structural Properties .. 221 Physical Properties .. 222 Chemical Properties .. 222 End-Use Properties .. 222 Vinyl fibres .. 223 vii Vinyon .. 223 Structural Properties .. 223 Physical Properties .. 223 Chemical Properties .. 224 End-Use Properties .. 224 Vinal .. 224 Structural Properties.
7 224 Physical Properties .. 225 Chemical Properties .. 225 End-Use Properties: .. 225 Vinyon-Vinal Matrix fibres .. 226 Saran .. 226 Polytetrafluoroethylene .. 227 Chapter 7 Miscellaneous Man Made fibres .. 228 Introduction .. 228 Carbon fibres .. 228 Manufacture .. 228 Structure .. 232 Properties .. 233 Applications .. 234 Glass fibres .. 235 Manufacture .. 235 Structure .. 236 Properties .. 236 Applications .. 236 Metallic fibres .. 236 Manufacture .. 237 Basic Structure and Properties .. 237 Applications .. 238 Ceramic fibres .. 238 Manufacture .. 238 Basic Structure and Properties .. 239 viii Applications .. 239 Novaloid .. 240 Poly-m-phenylenedibenzimidazole (PBI) .. 242 Polyimide .. 242 Chapter 8 Special fibres .. 244 High function fibre .. 244 Basic function fibre (the first order function) .. 246 Higher function fibre (the second order function) .. 246 Ultra-fine fibre membrane cloth, Textile filter cloth.
8 248 Super high function fibre (the third order function) .. 250 Intelligent function fibre (the fourth order function fibre) .. 252 High function sportswear .. 252 Necessary performance for sportswear .. 253 Hollow fibre for light swimming suit .. 254 CORTICO Comfort feeling materials .. 254 ARTIROSA .. 255 Biomimetic and intelligent fibres .. 256 Bicomponent fibres .. 257 Microfibres .. 259 Description of superfibres .. 262 Development of super fibres .. 263 Frontiers of superfibre applications .. 266 Kevlar, liquid crystal spun para-aramid fibre .. 266 Kevlar tension member for optical fibre .. 267 Technora , wet-spun para-aramid fibre .. 267 Thermotropic liquid crystalline spun Vectran fibre .. 268 PBO fibre from Toyobo .. 270 Gel spinning of flexible polymer .. 271 Characteristics of Dyneema .. 271 Nanofibre (carbon nanotube) .. 272 Chapter 9 Fibre Identification and Characterization.
9 274 ix Introduction .. 274 Microscopic Identification .. 274 Solubility .. 274 Heating and Burning Characteristics .. 278 Density or Specific Gravity .. 279 Staining .. 280 Structural, Physical, and Chemical Characterization .. 280 Optical and Electron Microscopy .. 280 Elemental and End-Group Analysis .. 281 Infrared Spectroscopy .. 281 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy .. 281 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy .. 282 X-Ray Diffraction .. 2 82 Thermal Analysis .. 282 Molecular Weight Determination .. 283 Mechanical and Tensile Property Measurements .. 283 Specific Gravity .. 284 Environmental Properties .. 284 Chemical Properties .. 284 Actions against Chemicals: .. 285 End-Use Property Characterization .. 286 Characteristics Related to Identity, Aesthetics, and Comfort .. 287 Characteristics Related to Durability and Wear .. 288 Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Response of Fibre to Its Environmental Surroundings.
10 288 10. References .. 290 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Textile fibres 1. Introduction: Textile is a material that is very well known to every civilised human being as he/she is constantly associated with it right from the cradle to grave. In fact, every individual is using textiles all through his life as it is the second basic human need. Food, clothing and shelter are the basic human physical needs. Clothes serve the triple functions of a utilitarian value and expression one s personality and exhibition of the wearer s living standard. The primary uses of Textile are to protect our modesty and to provide us a comfortable micro climate. Its secondary use is help us look better. In fashion terms, it is used to improve our appearance and image. The evolution of apparel usage by mankind can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. The mass production of textiles started with industrialization.
