The Age of Reform - Boone County Schools

1 410 TheAge of Reform1820 1860 Why It MattersThe idea of Reform the drive to improve society and the lives of Americans grewduring the mid-1800s. Reformers set out to improve the lives of the disadvantaged,especially enslaved people and the urban poor. The Impact TodayThe spirit of Reform is alive and well in the modern world. Individual freedom becamea key goal during the last half of the twentieth century. Civil rights movements haveadvanced racial equality. In many countries the women s movement has altered tra-ditional female roles and American Republic to 1877 VideoThe chapter 14 video, Women and Reform , chronicles the role of women in the Reform movements of the New Harmony, Indiana, established1830 Book of Mormonpublished1836 Texas gains independence1827 New York bans slaveryMonroe1817 1825 CHAPTER 14 The Age of Adams1825 1829 Jackson1829 1837 Van Buren1837 Harrison18411837 Victoria becomesqueen of England1821 Mexico becomes independent nation4111848 Seneca FallsConvention1851 Maine banssale of alcohol1853 Crimean Warbegins1859 Lenoir builds firstpractical internal-combustion engineHISTORYC hapter OverviewVisit and click on Chapter 14 Chapter Overviewsto pre-view chapter Country School by Winslow HomerBy the mid-1800s.

2 The number of public elementary Schools was 14 The Age of Reform18501860 Tyler1841 1845 Polk1845 1849 Taylor1849 1850 Fillmore1850 1853 Pierce1853 1857 Buchanan1857 18611862 Mary Jane Patterson isfirst African Americanwoman to earn a college degree1850 Taiping Rebellionbegins in China1847 Liberia claimsindependenceWomen sRightsWome RightsAntislaveryMovementSocialReformSoc ialReformStep 1 Fold the paper from the top right cornerdown so the edges line up. Cut off the leftover Main Ideas Study FoldableMake and use this foldable to identify anddescribe major topics about the Age of and Writing As you read, write whatyou learn about social Reform , the antislaverymovement, and the women s rights movementunder each appropriate pyramid 2 Fold the triangle in half. 3 Cut up one fold and stop at the an X on one tab and label the other threeas 4 Fold the X flap under the other flap andglue together.

3 Fold a off the makes a foldswill form an Xdividing fourequal Owen establishesNew Harmony, Indiana1835 Oberlin College admitsAfrican Americans1837 Horace Mann initiateseducation reform1843 Dorothea Dix revealsabuses of mentally illCHAPTER 14 The Age of ReformAccording to folklore, Henry David Thoreau sat on the hard, wooden bench in thejail cell, but he did not complain about its stiffness. He felt proud that he had stood upfor his beliefs. Thoreau had refused to pay a one-dollar tax to vote, not wanting hismoney to support the Mexican War. As he looked through the cell bars, he heard avoice. Why are you here? asked his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. Thoreau replied, Why are you nothere? He would later write, Under a government which imprisonsany unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison.

4 The Reforming SpiritThoreau represented a new spirit of Reform in America. The men and womenwho led the Reform movement wanted to extend the nation s ideals of libertyand equality to all Americans. They believed the nation should live up to thenoble goals stated in the Declaration of Independence and the spirit of Reform brought changes to American religion, politics, educa-tion, art, and literature. Some reformers sought to improve society by formingutopias, communities based on a vision of a perfect society. In 1825 RobertOwen established New Harmony, Indiana, a village dedicated to cooperationrather than competition among its IdeaDuring the early 1800s, many reli-gious and social reformers attemptedto improve American life and educa-tion and help people with Termsutopia, revival, temperance, normalschool, transcendentalistReading StrategyTaking NotesAs you read section 1,re-create the diagram below and iden-tify these reformers to Learn how religious and philosophicalideas inspired various reformmovements.

5 Why educational reformers thoughtall citizens should go to ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesMany reformers worked for changeduring this ReformHenry David ThoreauContributionsLyman BeecherHorace MannThomas GallaudetDorothea DixPreview of EventsGuide to Reading 1820 1840 1830 1850 Others tried to Reform society by foundingcommunities on what they considered rightprinciples. The oneida community in centralNew York was founded on the idea that Chris-tians should own everything in common. TheMormons were driven by persecution to movewest, eventually founding Salt Lake City in1848. Only the Mormons established a stable,enduring Religious InfluenceIn the early 1800s, a wave of religious fervor known as the Second Great Awakening stirredthe nation. The first Great Awakening had spreadthrough the colonies in the new religious movement began withfrontier camp meetings called from miles around to hear eloquentpreachers, such as Charles Finney, and to pray,sing, weep, and shout.

6 The experience oftenmade men and women eager to Reform boththeir own lives and the world. The Second GreatAwakening increased church membership. It also inspired people to become involved inmissionary work and social Reform movements. ; (See page 601 of the Appendix for a primary source account of arevival meeting.)War Against AlcoholReligious leaders stood at the forefront of thewar against alcohol. Lyman Beecher,a Connecti-cut minister and crusader against the use ofalcohol, wanted to protect society against rum-selling, tippling folk, infidels, and ruff-scruff. Reformers blamed alcohol for poverty, thebreakup of families, crime, and even called for temperance,drinking little or noalcohol. The movement gathered momentum in1826 when the American Society for the Promo-tion of Temperance was and other temperance crusaders usedlectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies towarn people of the dangers of liquor.

7 The tem-perance movementgained a major victory in1851, when Maine passed a law banning themanufacture and sale of alcoholic states passed similar laws. Many Ameri-cans resented these laws, however, and mostwere repealed, or canceled, within several temperance movement would reemerge inthe early 1900s and lead to a constitutionalamendment banning alcohol. AnalyzingWhat were the effects ofthe Second Great Awakening?Reforming EducationIn the early 1800s, only New England pro-vided free elementary education. In other areasparents had to pay fees or send their children toschools for the poor a choice some parentsrefused out of pride. Some communities had no Schools at leader of educational Reform was HoraceMann,a lawyer who became the head of theMassachusetts Board of Education in 1837.

8 Dur-ing his term Mann lengthened the school year tosix months, made improvements in the schoolcurriculum, doubled teachers salaries, anddeveloped better ways of training due to Mann s efforts, Massachusetts in1839 founded the nation s first state-supportednormal school,a school for training high-schoolgraduates as teachers. Other states soon adoptedthe reforms that Mann had for SomeBy the 1850s most states had accepted threebasic principles of public education: that schoolsshould be free and supported by taxes, thatteachers should be trained, and that childrenshould be required to attend principles did not immediately go intoeffect. Schools were poorly funded, and manyteachers lacked training. In addition, some peo-ple opposed compulsory, or required, females received a limited often kept their daughters from schoolbecause of the belief that a woman s role was tobecome a wife and mother and that this role didnot require an education.

9 When girls did go toschool, they often studied music or needleworkrather than science, mathematics, and history,which were considered men s the West, where settlers lived far apart,many children had no school to attend. AfricanAmericans in all parts of the country had fewopportunities to go to 14 The Age of Reform414 CHAPTER 14 The Age of ReformHigher EducationDozens of new colleges and universities werecreated during the age of Reform . Most admittedonly men. Religious groups founded many col-leges between 1820 and 1850, including Amherstand Holy Cross in Massachusetts and Trinityand Wesleyan in , higher education became available togroups who were previously denied the oppor-tunity. Oberlin College of Ohio, founded in 1833,admitted both women and African Americans tothe student body.

10 In 1837 a teacher named MaryLyon in Massachusetts opened Mount Holyoke,the first permanent women s college in first college for African Americans Ash-mun Institute, which later became Lincoln Uni-versity opened in Pennsylvania in education became widespread,many children learned to read andwrite in one-room schoolhouses. Students of all ages learned mostly by rote onegroup recited while the rest studied their lessons. The popular McGuffeyReadersprovided moral lessonsas well as lessons in read-ing and pail, leftHornbook, centerPage from McGuffey s, rightPeople With Special NeedsSome reformers focused on the problem ofteaching people with disabilities. Thomas Gallaudet(ga luh DEHT), who developed amethod to educate people who were hearingimpaired, opened the Hartford School for theDeaf in Connecticut in about the same time, Dr.