The Concise Encyclopedia of Communication

1 The Concise Encyclopedia of CommuniCaTionThe International Communication Association (i Ca) is an academic association for scholars interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human and mediated Communication . iCa began more than 50 years ago as a small association of us researchers and is now a truly international association, with more than 4,500 members in 80 countries. since 2003, iCa has been officially associated with the united nations as a non-governmental association. The iCa has partnered with Wiley Blackwell to publish the 12-volume International Encyclopedia of Communication (donsbach 2008, ).The Concise Encyclopedia ofCommuniCaTionediTed ByWolfgang donsBaChThis edition first published 2015 2015 John Wiley & sons, OfficeJohn Wiley & sons, ltd., The atrium, southern gate, Chichester, West sussex, po19 8sQ, uKEditorial Offices350 main street, malden, ma 02148-5020, usa9600 garsington Road, oxford, oX4 2dQ, uKThe atrium, southern gate, Chichester, West sussex, po19 8sQ, uKfor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at right of Wolfgang donsbach to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the uK Copyright, designs and patents act rights reserved.

2 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the uK Copyright, designs and patents act 1988, without the prior permission of the also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. all brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this of liability/disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

3 It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. if professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThe Concise Encyclopedia of Communication / edited by Wolfgang donsbach. pages cm includes bibliographical references and index. isBn 978-1-118-78930-8 (cloth) isBn 978-1-118-78932-2 (pbk.) 1. Communication encyclopedias. i. donsbach, Wolfgang, 1949 editor. 2015 302 .03 dc23 2014029776a catalogue record for this book is available from the British image: Zffoto /shutterstockset in minion by spi publisher services, pondicherry, india1 2015 ContentsContributors viIntroduction xviiAcknowledgments xxiLexicon xxiiiCommunication A Z 1 Index 660 Walid A.

4 Afifi, University of IowaIftekhar Ahmed, University of North TexasSameer Ahmed, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLPAlan B. Albarran, University of North TexasStuart Allan, Cardiff University, UKTim Ambler, London Business SchoolKay Amert, University of IowaSoontae An, Ewha Womans UniversityRobin Andersen, Fordham UniversityC. W. Anderson, College of Staten Island (CUNY)James A. Anderson, University of UtahMarc Andrejevic, University of IowaCharles Antaki, Loughborough UniversityCristiano Antonelli, University of TurinOsei Appiah, Ohio State UniversityPaul Arblaster, Zuyd University, MaastrichtRonald C. Arnett, Duquesne UniversityChris Atton, Edinburgh Napier UniversityRobert K. Avery, University of UtahAna Azurmendi, University of NavarraBeth Babin-Gallagher, Arizona State UniversityChristine Bachen, Santa Clara UniversityPhilip M.

5 Backlund, Central Washington UniversityJeremy N. Bailenson, Stanford UniversityMichael Bailey, University of EssexSusan C. Baker, Cape Breton UniversitySandra J. Ball-Rokeach, University of Southern CaliforniaAlbert Bandura, Stanford UniversityJo Bardoel, University of Amsterdam and Radboud University NijmegenBrooke Barnett, Elon UniversityKevin G. Barnhurst, University of LeedsNaomi S. Baron, American UniversityBenjamin J. Bates, University of TennesseeLeslie A. Baxter, University of IowaGeoffrey Baym, University of North Carolina at GreensboroWayne A. Beach, San Diego State UniversityBart Beaty, University of CalgaryMartin Becerra, National University of QuilmesContributorscontributors viiLee B. Becker, University of GeorgiaJohannes W. J. Beentjes, University of AmsterdamJon Bekken, Albright CollegeGeorge E. Belch, San Diego State UniversityMichael A.

6 Belch, San Diego State UniversityWilliam L. Benoit, Ohio UniversityGary Bente, University of CologneG nter Bentele, University of LeipzigBethan Benwell, University of StirlingEvangelia Berdou, Institute of Development StudiesCharles R. Berger, University of California, DavisJohn Beynon, University of GlamorganHelena Bilandzic, University of AugsburgDaniel Biltereyst, Ghent UniversityS. Elizabeth Bird, University of South FloridaThomas Birkner, University of M nsterJay David Bolter, Georgia Institute of TechnologyHeinz Bonfadelli, University of ZurichMelanie Booth-Butterfield, West Virginia UniversityJ r me Bourdon, Tel Aviv UniversityNicholas David Bowman, West Virginia UniversityAndy Boyan, Michigan State UniversityOliver Boyd-Barrett, Bowling Green State UniversityDale Brashers, University of Illinois at Urbana ChampaignPeggy Simcic Br nn, Norwegian School of ManagementFred Bronner, University of AmsterdamHans-Bernd Brosius, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichJennings Bryant, University of AlabamaRichard Buchanan, Case Western Reserve UniversityWarren Buckland, Oxford Brookes UniversityMoniek Buijzen, Radboud University NijmegenRoland Burkart, University of ViennaRobert Burnett, Karlstad UniversityBrad Bushman.

7 Ohio State UniversityRichard Buttny, Syracuse UniversityCarolyn M. Byerly, Howard UniversityAndrew Calabrese, University of Colorado at BoulderJohn T. Caldwell, University of California, Los AngelesDaniel J. Canary, Arizona State UniversityJoseph N. Cappella, University of PennsylvaniaDonal Carbaugh, University of Massachusetts- AmherstNico Carpentier, Free University of Brussels and Charles University in PragueCraig E. Carroll, New York UniversityCynthia Carter, Cardiff UniversityLisa Cartwright, University of California, San DiegoFred H. Cate, Indiana UniversityYoung-Gil Chae, Hankuk University of Foreign StudiesAnita Chi-Kwan Lee, University of Hong KongJay P. Childers, University of KansasLars Th ger Christensen, Copenhagen Business SchoolClifford G. Christians, University of Illinois Urbana ChampaignSteven E. Clayman, University of California, Los AngelesRichard Cl ment, University of OttawaPaul Cobley, Middlesex UniversityDavid L.

8 Collinson, Lancaster University Management Schoolviii contributorsMartin Conboy, University of SheffieldCaryn A. Conley, New York UniversityMike Conway, Indiana UniversityW. Timothy Coombs, University of Central FloridaAnn Cooper-Chen, Ohio UniversityFran ois Cooren, University of MontrealJoep P. Cornelissen, VU University Amsterdam and University of LeedsRobert L. Craig, University of St. ThomasRobert T. Craig, University of Colorado at BoulderDiana Crane-Hevre, University of PennsylvaniaSean Cubitt, Goldsmiths, University of LondonWilliam R. Cupach, Illinois State UniversityMichael Curtin, University of California, Santa BarbaraJohn Daly, University of Texas at AustinGregor Daschmann, Johannes Gutenberg University of MainzSandra Davidson, University of Missouri ColumbiaJohn Davies, Brigham Young UniversityJames W. Dearing, Michigan State UniversityMarjan de Bruin, University of the West Indies, JamaicaPatrick de Pelsmacker, University of Antwerp and Ghent UniversityEmmanuel Derieux, University of Paris IIMark Deuze, Indiana University BloomingtonSherry Devereaux Ferguson, University of OttawaHazel Dicken-Garcia, University of MinnesotaJames Price Dillard, Pennsylvania State UniversityGail Dines, Wheelock College, BostonMarya L.

9 Doerfel, Rutgers UniversityDavid Domingo, Universit Libre de BruxellesWolfgang Donsbach, Dresden University of TechnologyJohanna Dorer, University of ViennaJohn D. H. Downing, Southern Illinois UniversityRob Drew, Saginaw Valley State UniversitySharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin MadisonTimothy Edgar, Emerson CollegeRenee Edwards, Louisiana State UniversityMara Einstein, Queens College, City University of New YorkMartin Eisend, European University Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder)Paul Ekblom, University of the Arts LondonLyombe Eko, University of IowaC. Michael Elavsky, Pennsylvania State UniversityDonald G. Ellis, University of HartfordRichard Leo Enos, Texas Christian UniversityFranz-Rudolf Esch, EBS Unversity of Business and LawFrank Esser, University of ZurichWilliam P. Eveland, Jr., Ohio State UniversityDavid R. Ewoldsen, Ohio State UniversityAndreas Fahr, University of FribourgAnthony L.

10 Fargo, Indiana UniversityBob M. Fennis, University of GroningenShalom M. Fisch, MediaKidz Research & ConsultingMartin Fishbein, University of PennsylvaniaCarla L. Fisher, George Mason UniversityWes Fondren, Coastal Carolina UniversityKirsten Foot, University of WashingtonJohn A. Fortunato, Fordham Graduate School of BusinessKaren A. Foss, University of New MexicoJesse Fox, Stanford Universitycontributors ixLawrence R. Frey, University of Colorado BoulderAnn Bainbridge Frymier, Miami UniversityRobert N. Gaines, University of MarylandCindy Gallois, University of QueenslandShiv Ganesh, Massey UniversitySeeta Pe a Gangadharan, Open Technology InstituteCecilie Gaziano, Research Solutions, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USAK atja Gelbrich, Catholic University of Eichstaett-IngolstadtCherian George, Hong Kong Baptist UniversityEytan Gilboa, Bar-Ilan UniversityHoward Giles, University of California, Santa BarbaraRosalind Gill, City University, LondonCarroll J.