The Linux Command Line - Stellenbosch University

1 The Linux Command LineSecond Internet EditionWilliam E. Shotts, BookCopyright 2008-2013, William E. Shotts, work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No De-rivative Works United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit the link above or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Fran-cisco, California, 94105, is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks belong to their respective book is part of the project, a site for Linux education and advo-cacy devoted to helping users of legacy operating systems migrate into the future. You may contact the project at book is also available in printed form, published by No Starch Press and may be purchased wherever fine books are sold.

2 No Starch Press also offers this book in elec-tronic formats for most popular e-readers: 6, 2013 Second Internet 14, 2009 First Internet 19, 2009 Fourth draft with almost all reviewer feedback incorporated and edited through chapter 3, 2009 Third draft with revised table formatting, partial application of reviewers feedback and edited through chapter 18. 12, 2009 Second draft incorporating the first editing 18, 2009 Completed first of Use The Command line ?..xviWhat This Book Is Should Read This 's In This To Read This I Don't Call It GNU/ Linux .. Feedback Is Needed!..xxWhat's New In The Second Internet 1 Learning The What Is The Shell?..2 Terminal First Few Words About Mice And Some Simple A Terminal Console Behind The The File System Current Working The Contents Of A The Current Working Helpful Facts About Exploring The Fun With And Longer Look At Long A File's Type With File Contents With Is Text ?

3 17 Less Is Guided Manipulating Files And Work In The GUI Create Copy Files And Options And Move And Rename Options And Remove Files And Options And Careful With rm!..32ln Create 's Build A And Renaming Hard Symbolic Files And Symlinks With The Working With Exactly Are Commands?..42 Identifying Display A Command 's Display An Executable's A Command 's Get Help For Shell Display Usage Display A Program's Manual Display Appropriate Display A Very Brief Description Of A Most Brutal Man Page Of Them Display A Program's Info And Other Program Documentation Your Own Commands With Input, Output, And Standard Standard Standard Output And Standard Error To One Of Unwanted In Unix Standard Concatenate Difference Between > and |.

4 - Report Or Omit Repeated Print line , Word, And Byte Print Lines Matching A / tail Print First / Last Part Of Read From Stdin And Output To Stdout And Is About Seeing The World As The Shell Sees Expansion Of Hidden Escape Advanced Keyboard line And Pasting (Killing And Yanking) Meta , Group Members, And Everybody , Writing, And Change File The Heck Is Octal?..93 Setting File Mode With The Set Default Special Run A Shell With Substitute User And Group Execute A Command As Another And Change File Owner And Change Group Our Your A Process Processes Dynamically With A A Process In The A Process To The (Pausing) A Signals To Processes With Signals To Multiple Processes With Process Related 2 Configuration And The The Is Stored In The Environment?

5 124 Examining The Interesting Is The Environment Established?..127 What's In A Startup File?..128 Modifying The Files Should We Modify?..130 Text A Text Comments Are Our A Gentle Introduction To We Should Learn Little Background ..137 Starting And Stopping Insert Our The Cursor A , Copying, And Pasting Within A The Entire Multiple Between Additional Files For Content From One File Into An Entire File Into Our Customizing The Of A Some Alternative Prompt The The 3 Common Tasks And Essential Package A Package System And Low-level Package Package Management A Package In A A Package From A A Package From A Package A Packages From A A Package From A Package Installed If A Package Is Info About An Installed Which Package Installed A Linux Software Installation Storage And Unmounting Storage A List Of Mounted File Unmounting Is Device New File Partitions With A New File System With And

6 Repairing File The fsck?..189 Formatting Floppy Data Directly To/From CD-ROM An Image Copy Of A An Image From A Collection Of Program By Any Other CD-ROM An ISO Image A Re-Writable An And Monitoring A Files Over A A Better Communication With Remote With And SSH Client For Windows?..208 Summing Searching For Find Files The Easy Does The locate Database Come From?..211find Find Files The Hard With Funny Return To The Archiving And t Be Compressive Files And rsync Over A Regular Are Regular Expressions?.. And Any Crossword Puzzle Expressions And Character Character Character To Traditional Collation Basic Vs.

7 Extended Regular - Match An Element Zero Or One * - Match An Element Zero Or More + - Match An Element One Or More { } - Match An Element A Specific Number Of Regular Expressions To A Phone List With Ugly Filenames With For Files With For Text With less And Text Of Source Some Old Text Vs. Unix And On The : The Not-So-Secret Decoder Who Like sed Also Formatting Formatting Number Wrap Each line To A Specified A Simple Text Format Text For Format And Print Formatting Brief History Of In The Dim With Files For Convert Text Files For A Print Job To A Print Files (Berkeley Style)..331lp Print Files (System V Style).

8 332 Another Option: And Controlling Print Display Print System Display Printer Queue / cancel Cancel Print Compiling Is Compiling?..340 Are All Programs Compiled?..341 Compiling A C The Source The Source The The 4 Writing Shell Writing Your First Are Shell Scripts?..354 How To Write A Shell File File Locations For Formatting Option And vim For Script Starting A Stage: Minimal Stage: Adding A Little And Values To Variables And Top-Down Scripts Functions In Your .bashrc Flow Control: Branching With More Modern Version Of (( )) - Designed For Is The Hobgoblin Of Little Operators: Another Way To Reading Keyboard Read Values From Standard Can t Pipe Flow Control: Looping With while / Out Of A Files With Or Unexpected Errors.

9 420 Defensive Is A Function Of The Problem Values During Flow Control: Branching With Multiple Positional The Command The Number of Getting Access To Many Positional Parameters With Shell Positional Parameters En More Complete Flow Control: Looping With : Traditional Shell i?..452for: C Language Strings And To Manage Empty That Return Variable Evaluation And An Arbitrary Precision Calculator Example Are Arrays?..478 Creating An Values To An Array The Entire Contents Of An The Number Of Array The Subscripts Used By An Elements To The End Of An An An Commands And Up A Named Named KarenxvIntroductionI want to tell you a , not the story of how, in 1991, Linus Torvalds wrote the first version of the Linux ker-nel.

10 You can read that story in lots of Linux books. Nor am I going to tell you the story of how, some years earlier, Richard Stallman began the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system. That's an important story too, but most other Linux books have that one, as , I want to tell you the story of how you can take back control of your I began working with computers as a college student in the late 1970s, there was a revolution going on. The invention of the microprocessor had made it possible for ordi-nary people like you and me to actually own a computer. It's hard for many people today to imagine what the world was like when only big business and big government ran all the computers. Let's just say, you couldn't get much , the world is very different.