THE REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS

1 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Overall function is to produce offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Mammary glands produce milkCOMPILED BY HOWIE BAUMINTRODUCTIONThe reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for the purpose of procreating. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important SYSTEMS in the entire the body s major SYSTEMS , the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.

2 The male reproductive system is responsible for delivering sperm to the female reproductive systemMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMIn males, the reproductive organs include the penis, the testes, a number of storage and transport ducts, and some supporting structures. The two oval-shaped testes (also called testicles) lie outside the body in a pouch of skin called the scrotum, where they can maintain the optimum temperature for sperm production approximately 5 F, lower than body temperature. Testes are oval-shaped glands responsible for the manufacture of sperm and the sex hormone testosterone. From each testis, sperm pass into a coiled tube the epididymis for the final stages of maturation.

3 INSIDE THE SCROTUMThe scrotum contains two testes (testicles) where sperm are manufactured within tubes called seminiferous tubules, and the two epididymides where sperm are stored. Unlike female egg maturation, which occurs in cycles and ceases at menopause , sperm production is continuous, reducing gradually with epididymis is a tube about 20 feet long, which is tightly coiled and bunched into a length of just 2 SPERMEach testis is a mass of more than 800 tightly looped and folded vessels known as seminiferous tubules. Inside each tubule, sperm begin as blob-like cells called spermatogonialining the inner wall.

4 These pass through a larger stage, as primaryspermatocytes, then become smaller as secondary spermatocytes, and begin to develop tails as spermatids. As all of this happens, they move steadily towards the middle of the tubule. The spermatids finally develop into ripe sperm with long tails. Thousands of sperm are produced every second, each taking about two months to IN SEMEN AND SPERMS emen, also known as seminal fluid, is much more than just is only about 5 to 10% of any given male single ejaculation and the rest is fructose (aka sugar), fatty acids, and proteins to nourish the sperm during their CountA man will produce roughly 525 billion sperm during his whole lifetime and close to 1 billion per month.

5 There are around 200 to 500 million sperm in an average in a single human ejaculation !!Sperm cell -A sperm is about 1/500 inch long, but most of this is a tail. The sperm head is only 1/5000 inch, about the same size as a red blood develop in the testes and consist of a head, a midpiece, and a tail. The head contains the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibers (chromosomes), with a front section the Acrosome that contains enzymes for penetrating the female egg. The midpiece has a central filamentous core with many Mitochondria spiraled around it, to give it energy to move the tail which propels it female reproductive system includes external and internal genitalia.

6 The vulva and its structures form the external genitalia. The internal genitalia include a three-part system of ducts: the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina. This system of ducts connects to the ovaries, the primary reproductive organs. The ovaries produce egg cells and release them for eggs develop inside the the male, the female reproductive organs are located entirely inside the body. From Puberty, their function is to ripen and release an egg at regular intervals, and, if the egg is fertilized, to protect and nourish the embryo and fetus. No eggs are manufactured after birth a female is born with a full tractThe female reproductive glands (ovaries) are located within the abdomen.

7 This release occurs roughly once a month as part of the menstrual cycle. The ripe egg travels along the fallopian tube to the uterus, the muscular sac in which it develops into an embryo and then CELLS FROM THE OVARIES MOVE THROUGH THE UTERINE TUBESThe uterine tubes (also called Fallopian tubesor oviducts) connect the ovaries to the uterus. The walls of each tube have an external serous layer, a middle muscular layer, and an internal mucous layer that is continuous with the inner lining of the uterus. Each uterine tube can be divided into three parts: infundibulumIsthmusconnects with the uterus. A dilated portion, the ampulla, curves over the ovary.

8 Egg fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla. The eggs then travel through the isthmus into the VAGINA: A TUNNEL WITH THREE CORE FUNCTIONSThe vagina extends down from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, to the vestibule, which is part of the vulva and the external genitalia. It sits behind the bladder and in front of the rectum. An inner mucous membrane lines the smooth muscle walls of the vagina. This lining, like the inner layer of the uterine tubes, is continuous with the mucous lining of the uterus. The vagina has three core functions: It carries menstrual flow outside the body It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse It serves as a birth canal during ovary contains thousands of immature egg cells.

9 During each menstrual cycle, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes one egg to begin development; this takes place inside a primary follicle. The follicle enlarges as its cells proliferate, and begins to fill with fluid, becoming a secondary follicle that moves to the ovary s surface. It also increases its production of the hormone Estrogen. A surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the follicle to rupture and release the ripe egg this is ovulation. The lining of the empty follicle thickens into a corpus luteum a temporary source of ovary contains undeveloped eggs, eggs in follicles at various stages of maturation, and empty follicles forming corpora lutea.

10 The bulk of the glandular tissue surrounding these follicles is known as the AND SPERM HAVE DEVELOPED SOME PRETTY NIFTY TRICKS TO MAKE CONCEPTION HAPPENF ortify the troops -The liquid portion of semen not only provides the sperm with nourishment for the journey, it actually coagulates in a woman's vagina after ejaculation, forming a physical barrier that prevents the sperm from wandering very far in the wrong direction. This protection disappears within half an hour, when the semen becomes more fluid in the transport unit -The cervical canal is a much more welcoming environment, and sperm that make it there find themselves awash in a sea of cervical mucus.