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THEENERGYACCESSSITUATION …

United Nations Development ProgrammeTHE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATIONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESA Review Focusing on theLeast Developed Countriesand Sub-Saharan AfricaThe United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN's global development network,advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to helppeople build a better are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their ,theydrawonthepeopleofUNDP andourwiderangeofpartners. WorldleadershavepledgedtoachievetheMille nnium Development Goals, including the overarching goal of cutting poverty in half by 's network links and coordinates global and national efforts to reach these Goals. Our focusishelpingcountriesbuildandsharesolu tionstothechallengesof:DemocraticGoverna nce,PovertyReduction,CrisisPreventionand Recovery, developing countries attract and use aid effectively.

TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)istheUN'sglobaldevelopmentnetwork, advocatingforchangeandconnectingcountriestoknowledge,experienceandresourcestohelp

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1 United Nations Development ProgrammeTHE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATIONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESA Review Focusing on theLeast Developed Countriesand Sub-Saharan AfricaThe United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN's global development network,advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to helppeople build a better are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their ,theydrawonthepeopleofUNDP andourwiderangeofpartners. WorldleadershavepledgedtoachievetheMille nnium Development Goals, including the overarching goal of cutting poverty in half by 's network links and coordinates global and national efforts to reach these Goals. Our focusishelpingcountriesbuildandsharesolu tionstothechallengesof:DemocraticGoverna nce,PovertyReduction,CrisisPreventionand Recovery, developing countries attract and use aid effectively.

2 In all our activities, we encourage theprotection of human rights, the empowerment of women and capacity World Health Organization is the directing and coordinating authority for health within theUnited Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shapingthe health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy op-tions, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health ,sixregionalofficesandattheheadquartersi nGeneva, and its Member States work with many partners, including UN agencies, donors, non-governmental organizations,WHO collaborating centres and the private :Gw na lle Legros, Ines Havet, Nigel Bruce, and Sophie BonjourContributors:Kamal Rijal, MinoruTakada, and Carlos DoraNovember 2009 United Nations Development ProgrammeTHE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATIONin developing countriesA Review Focusing on theLeast Developed Countriesand Sub-Saharan Africa Copyright UNDP andWorld Health Organization 2009 All rights Nations Development ProgrammeEnvironment and Energy GroupBureau for Development Policy304 East 45th Street, NewYork, NY 10017, USAW ebsite: views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the member countries of the UNDPE xecutive Board or of those of the World Health Organization.

3 The designations and terminology employed andthe presentation of material do not imply any expression or opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nationsand the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of itsauthorities, or of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for whichthere may not yet be full :Cover background image:World Bank, Curt Carnemark, 1996 Small squares:World Bank, Dominic Sansoni, 2002;World Bank, John Isaac, 2002;World Bank, Curt Carnemark, 1993;World Bank, Dominic Sansoni, 2002;World Bank, Dominic Sansoni, 2002 Design and layout: Kimberly KoserowskiEditing:Karen HolmesforewordThe Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa Energyisarguablyoneofthemajorchallengest heworldfacestoday, in extreme poverty, a lack of access to modern energy services dramatically affects health, limitsopportunities and widens the gap between the haves and have vulnerability of the poor is onlyworsenedwithrecentchallengesfromclim atechange,aglobalynancialcrisis, on energy, the global aspirations embodied in the goals will not become a reality without massiveincreases in the quantity and quality of energy is needed to meet the most basic needs of poormen and women, especially heat for cooking, and mechanical power.

4 Also, improved household ,thisreportshowsthatprogress has been painfully slow in expanding access to modern energy services, particularly in poorercountries, cannot be done effectively without a clear understanding of the energy access situation in countries,includingunderstandingregional andnationaltrends,rural/urbandisparities , ,existingglobaldatasetsandreportsoftenpr ovideinsufficientinformationonenergyacce ss, ,especiallyfortheLeastDevelopedCountries (LDCs)andsub-SaharanAfrica, on access to electricity and modern fuels, as well as drawing on the forthcomingWHO HouseholdEnergy database and the International Energy Agency sWorld Energy Outlook 2009, this report supplementsexistingglobalreportswithavai lablestatistics(which,insomecases,aresor elylacking)onfueltypes,improvedstovesuse dforcooking, , and development implications for developing countries. Much more still needs to be done for a morefulsome understanding, including further disaggregating data and supplementing them with ,end-useequipment,gender, , Public Health and EnvironmentDirector, Environment and Energy GroupHealth Security and EnvironmentBureau for Development PolicyWHOUNDP acknowledgementsThe Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan AfricaThis paper was initiated by the Sustainable Energy Programme, part of the Environment and EnergyGroup (EEG) of the Bureau for Development Policy (BDP), United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) in cooperation with the WHO Programme on Household Energy and Health.

5 It beneyted fromvaluable contributions and collaborative efforts of many people, including the lead and and WHO are very grateful to the lead authors Gw na lle Legros and Ines Havet. Their expertisein the yeld of energy for sustainable development, speciycally on statistical data and analysis related toenergy access, provided the foundation for this publication. They also thank Nigel Bruce (Public Healthand Environment, HSE, WHO) and Sophie Bonjour (Public Health and Environment, HSE, WHO) for theirexpertiseinenvironmentalepidemiolog yandpublichealth,andthedevelopmentofthec hapteronthehealth and WHO would also like to express sincere gratitude to Kamal Rijal (Sustainable EnergyProgramme, EEG, UNDP), Minoru Takada (Sustainable Energy Programme, EEG, UNDP) and Carlos Dora(Public Health and Environment, HSE, WHO) for their contributions and for providing guidance for theoverall orientation of the are very grateful to Minoru Takada for initiating this study, and to Veerle Vanderweerd (Director,Environment and Energy Group, UNDP)

6 For her ongoing guidance and encouragement, and the timecontributed to ynalising this would like to thank Eva Rehfuess (formerWHO responsible officer for the Programme on HouseholdEnergy and Health) for initiating the collaboration between UNDP and WHO, Philipp Lambach (HealthSecurityandEnvironment,WHO)forhis contributiontothedevelopmentoftheWHOhous eholdenergydatabase, and Annette Pr ss- st n (Public Health and Environment, HSE, WHO) for her expertise inburden of disease assessment and her input to theWHO Household energy are grateful to Fatih Birol, Chief Economist of the International Energy Agency (IEA), and his team Raffaella Centurelli, Teresa Malyshev, and Pawe Olejarnik for providing the IEA database onelectriycation rates published in theWorld Energy Outlook study was subjected to a rigourous process of peer review. Grateful thanks are extended to thefollowing development practitioners for their thoughtful and insightful comments: Akanksha Chaurey(TERI), Elisabeth Clemens (UNDP), Stephen Gitonga (UNDP), Conrad Heruela (UNEP Consultant), StevenHunt (Practical Action), Thomas Jensen (UNDP Paciyc Centre), Sivanappan Kumar (Asian Institute ofTechnology), Benoit Lebot (UNDP Regional Centre in Dakar), Teresa Malysher (IEA), Eric Muynck (UNDPR egionalCentreinDakar),AbdulrahmanOlhaye( UNDP),TheoSanchez(PracticalAction),Shire enSayeed(UNDPB angladesh),BaharehSeyedi(UNDP),Thiyagara janVelumail(UNDPR egionalCentreinBangkok),and GregoryWoodsworth (UNDP).

7 UNDP and WHO would also like to thank Phil Pelter (Administrative Assistant, EEG, UNDP) for logisticalsupport, Kimberly Koserowski for graphic design, and Karen Holmes for editorial of contentsThe Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa ForewardiAcknowledgementsTableofContents iiListofBoxes,Maps,Figures, Data collection5B. Indicators used to measure energy access6C. Methods used to estimate energy access7D. Consideration in using and interpreting estimates8E. Method used to assess the health impacts from solid fuel use8 III. EnergyaccesssituationinLDCsandSub-Sahara nAfrica10A. Access to electricity10B. Access to modern fuels13IV. Fuelsandimprovedstovesusedforcookinginde velopingcountries16A. Fuels used for cooking16B. Improved cooking Health problems linked to solid fuel use22B.

8 Another burden on the poor and women26C. Effects on global warming: an opportunity to secure health and climate co-beneyts 28VI. Developingcountrieswithenergyaccesstarge ts29 VII. Energyaccessin2015underdifferentscenario s31A. Access to electricity31B. Access to modern fuels32 VIII. Conclusions34 References35 Appendix1:EnergyAccessandDevelopmentMeas ures37 Appendix2:CountryClassiUcations40 Appendix3:HealthImpactsofHouseholdEnergy Use46 Appendix4:GlobalandRegionalMDG-RelatedEn ergyTargets61 Appendix5:ComparisonofScenariosofEnergyA ccessin201564 Appendix6:TablesonEnergyAccessinDevelopi ngCountries66 Appendix7:SourcesConsulted102l st of boxes, maps, tables and figures BoxesBox factors relevant to energy access7 Box with good evidence of a link with solid fuel use23 Box of scenarios31 Box is a Least Developed Country?44 MapsMap of people without electricity access for developing countries, 200811 Map of population without access to modern fuels for developing countries, 200713 Map of deaths per 1000 capita per year, attributable to indoor air pollution fromsolid fuel use, 200425 Map of DALYs per 1000 capita per year, attributable to indoor air pollution fromsolid fuel use, 200426 Map of the Least Developed Countries45 FiguresFigure 1.

9 Distribution of people without electricity access by developing regions, 200812 Figure 2. Share of population without electricity access for LDCs and SSA countries, 200812 Figure 3. Share of population without electricity access in rural and urban areas for LDCs and SSA, 2008 12 Figure 4. Share of population with access to different types of modern fuels in LDCs and SSA, 200714 Figure 5. Share of population with access to modern fuels in rural and urban areas of LDCs and SSA, 2007 14 Figure 6. Share of population with access to modern fuels in LDCs and SSA countries, 200714 Figure 7. Distribution of people relying on solid fuels for cooking by developing regions, 200716 Figure 8. Share of population relying on different types of solid fuels for cooking by developingregions, 200717 Figure 9. Share of population in developing countries relying on different types of cooking fuels, 200717 Figure 10.

10 Share of population relying on different types of cooking fuels in LDCs and SSA, 200718 Figure 11. Share of population relying on different types of modern fuels for cooking for selected LDCsand SSA countries, 200718 Figure 12. Share of population relying on different types of cooking fuels in rural and urban areas of LDCsand SSA countries, 200719 Figure 13. Distribution of people with access to ICS by developing regions, 200721 Figure 14. Share of population relying on solid fuels for cooking with access to ICS, 200721 Figure 15. Share of population relying on solid fuels for cooking with access to ICS for selected LDCs andSSA countries, 200721list of boXes, maps, figures, and tablesThe Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan AfricaFigure 16. Number of deaths attributable to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use, by diseases, 200424 Figure 17.


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