to National Security Issues

1 Army War College Guide to National Security Issues Volume I: Theory of War and Strategy 2012. Edited by J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. Visit our website for other free publication downloads To rate this publication click here. strategic Studies Institute Book U. S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE GUIDE. TO National Security Issues . VOLUME I: THEORY OF WAR AND STRATEGY. 5th Edition J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. Editor June 2012. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the Government.

2 Authors of strategic Studies In- stitute (SSI) publications enjoy full academic freedom, provided they do not disclose classified information, jeopardize operations Security , or misrepresent official policy. Such academic freedom empowers them to offer new and sometimes controversial perspectives in the interest of furthering debate on key Issues . **. This publication is subject to Title 17, United States Code, Sections 101 and 105. It is in the public domain and may not be copyrighted. NOTICE: Further dissemination or distribution of this manuscript or quotation from it is not authorized without permission of the authors.

3 **. Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, 47 Ashburn Drive, Carlisle, PA 17013. **. All strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications may be downloaded free of charge from the SSI website. Hard copies of this report may also be obtained free of charge while supplies last by placing an order on the SSI website. SSI publications may be quoted or reprinted in part or in full with permission and appropriate credit given to the Army strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA.

4 Contact SSI by visiting our website at the following address: **. The strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the National Security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please subscribe on the SSI website at ISBN 1-58487-532-1. ii CONTENTS. Introduction ..vii J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. Part I: strategic Theory 1.

5 Why is Strategy Difficult? .. 3. David Jablonsky 2. A Survey of the Theory of Strategy ..13. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. 3. Toward a Theory of Strategy: Art Lykke and the Army War College Strategy Model ..45. H. Richard Yarger 4. The strategic Appraisal: The Key to Effective Strategy ..53. H. Richard Yarger 5. Managing strategic Risk ..67. James F. Holcomb 6. Continuity and Change in War .. 79. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. 7. A Theory of Victory ..91. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. 8. Toward a strategic Theory of Terrorism: Defining Boundaries in the Ongoing Search for Security .

6 107. Frank L. Jones 9. Thucydides and Contemporary Strategy ..119. R. Craig Nation 10. Eastern strategic Traditions: Un-American Ways of War .. 133. Glenn K. Cunningham Part II: Instruments and Elements of Power 11. National Power ..147 R. Craig Nation 12. strategic Communications: Wielding the Information Element of Power .. 159. Dennis M. Murphy 13. Diplomacy as an Instrument of National Power ..173. Reed J. Fendrick iii CONTENTS. 14. Theory and Practice of Modern Diplomacy: Origins and Development to 1914 ..179. Louis J. Nigro, Jr. 15. Economic Diplomacy: Views of a Practitioner.

7 193. Constance Phlipot 16. Economics: A Key Element of National Power .. 205. Clayton K. S. Chun 17. Military Power and the Use of Force .. 217. John F. Troxell Part III: strategic Interests and Considerations 18. Applying Clausewitz and Systems Thinking to Design .. 245. Glenn K. Cunningham and Charles D. Allen 19. Intelligence as a Tool of Strategy ..257. John Aclin 20. The Airplane and Warfare: Theory and History ..273. Tami Davis Biddle 21. John Warden's Five Ring Model and the Indirect Approach to War ..295. Clayton K. S. Chun 22. Naval Theory for Soldiers.

8 309. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. 23. On the Theory of Cyberspace .. 325. Jeffrey L. Caton About the Contributors .. 345. iv FIGURES - VOLUME I. Chapter 1. Figure 1-1. The Policy Continuum ..4. Figure 1-2. The Remarkable Trinity .. 5. Figure 1-3. The Impact of Technology ..5. Figure 1-4. The Continuum of War ..8. Figure 1-5. National Strategy: The Horizontal Plane ..9. Figure 1-6. National Strategy and the Vertical Continuum of War ..9. Chapter 3. Figure 3-1. strategic and Operational Art ..47. Figure 3-2. Comprehensiveness of Strategy ..48. Figure 3-3. The Lykke Model.

9 48. Chapter 4. Figure 4-1. strategic Appraisal Process ..54. Figure 4-2. Realms of Strategy ..55. Figure 4-3. Levels of Intensity ..58. Figure 4-4. strategic Factors ..59. Figure 4-5. strategic Thinking Competencies ..61. Chapter 7. Figure 7-1. Scale of Success ..94. Figure 7-2. Scale of Figure 7-3. Scale of v FIGURES - VOLUME I. Chapter 17. Figure 17-1. Components of Security 219. Figure 17-2. Evaluations of Compellent Threats .. 222. Figure 17-3. Range of Military Operations ..224. Figure 17-4. Guidelines for the Use of Force ..227. Figure 17-5. Weinburger Doctrine from Vietnam to Iraq.

10 231. Chapter 18. Figure 18-1. The Army Organizational Life Cycle Model ..248. Figure 18-2. Characteristics of Centers of Gravity ..252. Figure 18-3. Determining Center of Gravity ..253. Chapter 19. Figure 19-1. Interaction with the Analysts ..266. Chapter 21. Figure 21-1. John Warden's Five Ring Model ..299. Chapter 23. Figure 23-1. Cyberspace as Domain and Figure 23-2. Kinetic versus Nonkinetic Means and vi INTRODUCTION. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core National Security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College.