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Tourism

Peter Prokosch Tourism Investing in energy and resource efficiency This chapter was developed in partnership with the World Tourism Organization Towards a green economy Acknowledgements Chapter Coordinating Author: Lawrence Pratt, Director of the Cross University, Australia), Anna Karla Moura (Government Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable of the State of S o Paulo, Brazil), Awangku Hassanal Bahar Bin Development (CLACDS), INCAE Business School, Alajuela, Costa Pengiran Bagul (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia), Paul Peeters Rica. (Breda University, The Netherlands), Philip Sarnoff (University of Utah, USA), Jeremy R. Schultz (University of Utah, USA), Lead authors also included Luis Rivera, Economics Consultant and Daniel Scott (University of Waterloo, Canada), Anna Spenceley Amos Bien, Sustainable Tourism Consultant.

Towards a green economy Key messages 1. Tourism has significant potential as a driver for growth for the world economy. The tourism economy represents 5 per cent of world Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while it contributes to about 8 per cent of

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1 Peter Prokosch Tourism Investing in energy and resource efficiency This chapter was developed in partnership with the World Tourism Organization Towards a green economy Acknowledgements Chapter Coordinating Author: Lawrence Pratt, Director of the Cross University, Australia), Anna Karla Moura (Government Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable of the State of S o Paulo, Brazil), Awangku Hassanal Bahar Bin Development (CLACDS), INCAE Business School, Alajuela, Costa Pengiran Bagul (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia), Paul Peeters Rica. (Breda University, The Netherlands), Philip Sarnoff (University of Utah, USA), Jeremy R. Schultz (University of Utah, USA), Lead authors also included Luis Rivera, Economics Consultant and Daniel Scott (University of Waterloo, Canada), Anna Spenceley Amos Bien, Sustainable Tourism Consultant.

2 (Spenceley Tourism and Development, South Africa), Davina Stanford (TEAM Tourism Consulting, UK), Louise Twining-Ward Nicolas Bertrand of UNEP managed the chapter, including the (Freelance consultant), Carolyn Wild (WILD International Tourism handling of peer reviews, interacting with the coordinating author consultancy, Canada). The preparation of Background Technical on revisions, conducting supplementary research, conducting Papers was coordinated by Carolyn George and Davina Stanford preliminary editing and bringing the chapter to final production. (TEAM Tourism Consulting, UK). Additional material was prepared Derek Eaton reviewed and edited the modelling section of the by Andrea M. Bassi, John P. Ansah and Zhuohua Tan (Millennium chapter. Institute); Wolfgang Weinz and Ana Luc a Iturriza (ILO). The chapter was developed in partnership with the World Tourism We would like to thank the many colleagues and individuals Organization.

3 The project manager for UNWTO was Luigi Cabrini, who commented on various drafts, including Stefanos Fotiou Director, Sustainable Tourism Programme. (UNEP), Stefan G ssling (Lund University), Sofia Gutierrez (UNWTO), Donald E. Hawkins (George Washington University), Background Technical Papers prepared for the development Marcel Leijzer (UNWTO), Brian T. Mullis (Sustainable Travel of this chapter were drafted by the following individuals: International), David Owen (UNEP), Helena Rey de Assis (UNEP), James Alin (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia), Ravinder Batta Ronald Sanabria Perera (Rainforest Alliance), Andrew Seidl (IUCN), (Government of Himachal Pradesh, India), Tom Baum (University Daniel Scott (University of Waterloo), Deirdre Shurland (IUCN), of Strathclyde, UK), Kelly Bricker (University of Utah, USA and Richard Tapper (Environment Business & Development Group), TIES Board of Directors, USA), Rachel Dodds (Sustaining Tourism , and Zoritsa Urosevic (UNWTO).)

4 The support of the UNEP Division Canada), Ramesh Durbarry (University of Technology, Mauritius), of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE), Sustainable Ioanna Farsari (Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Consumption and Production Branch, Goods and Services Unit Greece), Carolyn George (TEAM Tourism Consulting, UK), Stefan (Charles Arden-Clarke, Head), throughout the project, is also G ssling (Lund University, Sweden), Gui Lohmann (Southern gratefully acknowledged. Copyright United Nations Environment Programme, 2011. Version -- 414. Tourism Contents List of Acronyms .. 417. Key messages .. 418. 1 Introduction .. 420. Tourism in a green economy .. 420. 2 Challenges and opportunities for Tourism in a green economy .. 421. Challenges .. 421. Opportunities .. 423. 3 The case for investing in the greening of Tourism .

5 426. Spending in the Tourism sector .. 426. Benefits in employment .. 426. Local economic development and poverty reduction .. 427. Environmental benefits .. 429. Cultural heritage .. 433. Modelling Tourism .. 433. 4 Overcoming barriers: enabling conditions .. 435. Private-sector orientation .. 435. Destination planning and development .. 437. Fiscal policies and economic instruments .. 438. Financing green Tourism investments .. 439. Local investment .. 440. 5 Conclusions .. 442. Annex 1: Economic sizing of the sector .. 444. Annex 2: Drivers and likely implications of investment in sustainable Tourism strategic areas .. 445. Annex 3: Assumptions of the model .. 447. References .. 449. 415. Towards a green economy List of figures Figure 1: World international tourist arrivals .. 423. Figure 2: Accommodation linkages and tourist income distribution in Tanjong Piai, Malaysia.

6 429. List of tables Table 1: Sample of Tourism employment multipliers .. 427. Table 2: Impact of Tourism on poverty rates in Costa Rica, 2008 .. 429. Table 3: Breakdown of Tourism income and pro-poor income (PPI) contribution in Malaysia .. 429. Table A1-1: Economic relevance of Tourism in selected countries .. 444. Table A2-1: Drivers and likely implications of investment in sustainable Tourism strategic areas .. 445. List of boxes Box 1: Water consumption for Tourism and local communities .. 422. Box 2: Investment in energy efficiency and savings .. 430. Box 3: Strengthening the Protected Area Network (SPAN) .. 432. Box 4: Financial cost-recovery of green programmes in Tourism .. 432. Box 5: Differential economic contribution from cultural areas .. 433. 416. Tourism List of acronyms ACIF Amazon Carbon and Biodiversity PES Payment for Ecosystem Services Investment Fund PPI Pro-poor income BAU Business-as-usual RM Ringgit Malaysia.

7 Currency of Malaysia CBD Convention on Biological Diversity ROI Return on investment ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin SIFT Sustainable Investment and Finance in America and the Caribbean Tourism CESD Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable SME Small and medium-sized enterprise Development SNV Netherlands Development CO2 Carbon dioxide Organization CSR Corporate social responsibility SPAN Strengthening the Protected Area DFI Development Finance Institutions Network DMO Destination Management Organization ST-EP Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating ERT Environment-related Tourism Poverty Initiative EU European Union TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of Biodiversity the United Nations TIES The International Ecotourism Society FDI Foreign Direct Investment TPRG Tourism Planning Research Group FONAFIFO Costa Rica's National Forestry TSA Tourism Satellite Account Financing Fund UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat G2 Green Scenario 2 Desertification GDP Gross Domestic Product UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade GEF Global Environment Facility and Development GER Green Economy Report UNEP United Nations Environment GFANC German Federal Agency for Nature Programme Conservation UNEP FI United Nations Environment GHG Greenhouse gas Programme Finance Initiative GSTC Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria UNESCO United Nations Educational.

8 Scientific and Cultural Organization IEA International Energy Agency UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention ILO International Labour Organization on Climate Change IPA Investment Promotion Agency UNWTO World Tourism Organization ISO International Organization for VFR Visiting Friends and Relatives Standardization WEF World Economic Forum ITF-STD International Task Force on Sustainable Tourism Development WTP Willingness to Pay IUCN International Union for Conservation of WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council Nature WWF World Wide Fund for Nature LDCs Least Developed Countries OECD Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development 417. Towards a green economy Key messages 1. Tourism has significant potential as a driver for growth for the world economy. The Tourism economy represents 5 per cent of world Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while it contributes to about 8 per cent of total employment.

9 International Tourism ranks fourth (after fuels, chemicals and automotive products). in global exports, with an industry value of US$1 trillion a year, accounting for 30 per cent of the world's exports of commercial services or 6 per cent of total exports. There are around four billion estimated domestic arrivals every year and in 2010, some 940 million international tourists were recorded. Tourism is one of five top export earners in over 150 countries, while in 60 countries it is the number one export. It is also the main source of foreign exchange for one-third of developing countries and one-half of least developed countries (LDC). 2. The development of Tourism is accompanied by significant challenges. The rapid growth in both international and domestic travel, the trends to travel farther and over shorter periods of time, and the preference given to energy-intensive transportation are increasing the non-renewable energy dependency of Tourism , resulting in the sector's contribution of 5 per cent to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which is expected to grow substantially under a business as-usual (BAU) scenario.

10 Other challenges include excessive water consumption compared with residential water use, discharge of untreated water, the generation of waste, the damage to local terrestrial and marine biodiversity and the threats to the survival of local cultures, built heritage and traditions. 3. Green Tourism has the potential to create new, green jobs. Travel and Tourism are human-resource intensive, employing directly and indirectly 8 per cent of the global workforce. It is estimated that one job in the core Tourism industry creates about one and a half additional or indirect jobs in the Tourism - related economy. The greening of Tourism , which involves efficiency improvements in energy, water and waste systems, is expected to reinforce the employment potential of the sector with increased local hiring and sourcing and significant opportunities in Tourism oriented toward local culture and the natural environment.


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