TURBINE SUPERVISORY GUIDE - Sensonics

1 TURBINESUPERVISORYGUIDE25 YEARS1978 -2003 TECHNIQUES FOR THEMONITORING & PROTECTION OFPOWER PLANT EQUIPMENTTURBINESUPERVISORYGUIDEI ntroductionOverviewTSE Application DiagramTransducers and SensorsAccelerometerVe locity TransducerEddy Current proximity ProbeLV DT/RVDTC hoosing the right transducerMeasurement TechniquesAbsolute VibrationEccentricity & Shaft VibrationRotor Differential ExpansionShaft PositionSpeed MonitoringCasing & Cylinder Expansion Valve Position MonitoringAuxiliary Plant MonitoringProtection SystemsIntroduction to API Standard 670 Special TechniquesRod Drop Rundown MonitoringOrbit AnalysisSystem EquipmentBracketryCubicle PanelsSeismic Monitoring andProtection EquipmentSite ReferencesQuick Product Selection GuideCONTENTS030411192024262718063 INTRODUCTIONFor nearly 30 years Sensonics has been supplyingTurbine Condition Monitoring solutions to thepower generation industry worldwide.

2 Involved inmeasurement definition through to supply andfinal system commissioning, our experience withinthe power sector is second to have produced this GUIDE to capture theessence of that experience and to explain thebasics of vibration and expansion measurementtechniques relating to TURBINE and auxiliary GUIDE starts with an introduction to the basictransducers available for plant mounting withassociated options, and details the variousmeasurement techniques used as standardthroughout the power industry. This is followed bytypical equipment protection configurations forsafe plant shutdown.

3 In the final part of this guidethe system components are introduced andspecial measurement regimes GUIDE aims to provide a balance of basictheory and practical advice but obviously cannotcover all measurement scenarios. For a detaileddiscussion on any measurement issues you mayhave, please feel free to contact & COMPETENCEST urbine SUPERVISORY SystemsStandalone Monitoring SolutionsAccelerometer, Displacement & Seismic TransducersNuclear Infrastructure ProtectionStructural Monitoring SolutionsTurn-Key Design, Manufacture and Project SupportATEX & IEC61508 CapabilityInstallation & Commissioning4 OVERVIEWT urbine supervision is an essential part of the day-to-dayrunning of any power plant.

4 There are many potentialfaults such as cracked rotors and damaged shafts, whichresult from vibration and this expansionand vibration is apparent in its early stages the problemcan usually be resolved without any of the disruptioncaused when a TURBINE has to be shut down. Byappropriate trending of the various measurement pointsand the identification of excessive vibration ormovement, scheduled equipment stoppages or outagescan often be utilised to investigate and resolve the is for this predictive maintenance market that Sensonicsproduces a wide range of sensors and systems specificallyfor the power generation industry.

5 With flexible andconfigurable equipment, we can tailor our supervisoryequipment to your needs. In this brochure we aim togive a brief explanation of why TURBINE supervision is soessential and how Sensonics can provide the rightsolution to protect your diagram on page 5 illustrates a generic configurationof a set of TURBINE SUPERVISORY equipment. The steamturbine shown is fairly standard with an HP (highpressure) stage followed by a single LP (low pressure)rotor section; different TURBINE configurations dependingon power rating, may have an intermediate (IP) section inaddition to a number of LP s which finally drive theturbine type of configuration is illustratedin the adjacent picture.

6 Although the equipmentconfiguration does vary, the measurement techniquesremain the same, with each TURBINE installation generatingits own unique set of measurements. Typicalmeasurement techniques include:-Absolute vibration of bearing pedestalsShaft vibration relative to bearingShaft eccentricityDifferential expansion or shaft movementValve position on steam inletCasing expansion, both inner and outerSpeed, including overspeed and zero speedTe mperatureStructural & foundation vibration monitoringEach of the measurement techniques are used to monitorthe TURBINE during its operating cycle, somemeasurements may be configured to provide warningalarms as well as automated shutdown.

7 Although thesesystems tend to operate on a voted principle to ensuremaximum system TYPICAL TURBINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENT APPLICATION6 Shear mode devices which apply a shear force to theinner and outer surfaces of a ring of crystal (as opposedto a perpendicular force to a disk of crystal), offer adistinct advantage over standard compression mounting the device to the plant, normally througha stud & screw arrangement, the mechanical stresseswithin the transducer assembly change. Compressionmode devices are particularly affected by these stresses,which produce low frequency effects, compounded iffurther integration is carried out.

8 Sensonics shear moderange of transducers are unaffected by base strain andoffer a true low frequency performance down to the piezoelectric accelerometer is a self-generating device, its output is at a very high impedanceand is therefore unsuited for direct use with most display,analysis, or monitoring , electronics mustbe utilised to convert the high impedance crystal outputto a low impedance capable of driving such devices. Theimpedance conversion electronics may be located withinthe accelerometer, outside of but near the accelerometer,or in the monitoring or analysis device with internal electronics are convenientand can use inexpensive conventional plugs and cable butthey are limited to temperatures of typically 120 the electronics in a cool location away from theaccelerometer allows the transducer to tolerate & SENSORSThe AccelerometerThe accelerometer is based on the electrical propertiesof piezoelectric crystal.

9 In operation, the crystal isstressed by the inertia of a mass. The variable forceexerted by the mass on the crystal produces an electricaloutput proportional to acceleration. Two commonmethods of constructing the device to generate a residualforce are compression mode and shear moderespectively. A residual force is of course required toenable the crystal to generate the appropriate response,moving in either direction on a single axis. A shear modeconstruction is illustrated accelerometer operates below its first naturalfrequency. The rapid rise in sensitivity approachingresonance is characteristic of an accelerometer, which isan un-damped single-degree-of-freedom spring masssystem.

10 Generally speaking, the sensitivity of anaccelerometer and the ratio between its electrical outputand the input acceleration is acceptably constant toapproximately 1/5 to 1/3 of its natural frequency. For thisreason, natural frequencies above 30 KHz tend to be frequency response curve can be influenced by anumber of factors, mainly the mass, the stiffness and thedegree of system damping. The resonant peak of theaccelerometer can be eliminated by increasing thedamping. However, increasing the damping introduces aphase shift in the linear range whereas un-dampedaccelerometers have very little phase shift until near thenatural frequency.