Understanding Automotive Electronics: An …

1 ContentsPreface ..xiiiIntroduction .. xvChapter 1: The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation .. 1 chapter Overview ..1 Concept of a System ..2 Block Diagram Representation of a System ..3 Analog (Continuous Time) Systems ..5 Linear System Theory: Continuous Time ..5 First-Order System ..9 Second-Order System ..11 Steady-State Sinusoidal Frequency Response of a System ..16 State Variable Formulation of Models ..17 Control Theory ..20 Open-Loop Control ..20 Closed-Loop Control ..21 Stability of Control System ..28 Root-Locus Techniques ..29 Robustness of Control-System Stability ..31 Closed-Loop Limit-Cycle Control ..34 Instrumentation ..35 Measurement ..36 Issues ..36 Systematic Errors ..37 Basic Measurement System ..39 Sensor ..40 Random Errors ..42 Signal Processing ..45 Filtering ..45 Filter-Design Techniques ..46vChapter 2: Discrete Time Systems Theory .. 51 Digital Subsystem ..55 Sinusoidal Frequency Response ..56 Discrete Time Control System.

2 63 Closed Loop Control ..68 Example Discrete Time Control System ..72 Summary ..77 chapter 3: Electronics Fundamentals .. 79 Semiconductor Devices ..80 Diodes ..83 Rectifier Circuit ..85 Transistors ..87 Field-Effect Transistors ..96 Integrated Circuits ..99 Operational Amplifiers ..100 Use of Feedback in Op Amps ..101 Summing Mode Amplifier ..103 Phase-Locked Loop ..104 Sample and Zero-Order Hold Circuits ..106 Digital Circuits ..111 Binary Number System ..113 Logic Circuits (Combinatorial) ..114 NOT Gate ..114 AND Gate ..115OR Gate ..117 Combination Logic Circuits ..117 Logic Circuits with Memory (Sequential) ..119 ReS Flip-Flop ..119JK Flip-Flop ..119 Synchronous Counter ..120 Register Circuits ..121 Shift Register ..122 Integrated Circuits ..124 The Microprocessor ..124 chapter 4: Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control .. 127 Microcomputer Fundamentals ..128 Digital versus Analog Computers ..128vi ContentsParts of a Computer ..129 Microcomputers versus Mainframe Computers.

3 130 Programs ..130 Microcomputer Tasks ..131 Microcomputer Operations ..132 Buses ..132 Memory Read/Write ..133 Timing ..134 Addressing Peripherals ..135 CPU Registers ..135 Accumulator Register ..136 Condition Code Register ..136 Microprocessor Architecture ..138 Reading Instructions ..140 Initialization ..141 Operation Codes ..141 Program Counter ..142 Branch Instruction ..143 Jump Instruction ..144 Jump-to-Subroutine Instruction ..144 Example Use of a Microcomputer ..147 Buffer ..147 Programming Languages ..148 Assembly Language ..148 Logic Functions ..150 Shift ..150 Programming the AND Function ..152 Masking ..153 Shift and AND ..153 Use of Subroutines ..153 Microcomputer Hardware ..154 Central Processing Unit ..154 Memory: ROM ..155 Memory: RAM ..156I/O Parallel Interface ..156 Digital-to-Analog Converter ..156 Analog-to-Digital Converter ..159 Sampling ..162 Polling ..162 Contents viiInterrupts ..163 Vectored Interrupts ..163 Microcomputer Applications in Automotive Systems.

4 164 Instrumentation Applications of Microcomputers ..166 Digital Filters ..168 Microcomputers in Control Systems ..170 Closed-Loop Control System ..171 Limit-Cycle Controller ..171 Feedback Control Systems ..171 Table Lookup ..173 Multivariable and Multiple Task Systems ..175 chapter 5: The Basics of electronic Engine Control .. 177 Motivation for electronic Engine Control ..178 Exhaust Emissions ..178 Fuel Economy ..179 Federal Government Test Procedures ..180 Fuel Economy Requirements ..181 Meeting the Requirements ..183 The Role of Electronics ..184 Concept of an electronic Engine Control System ..184 Inputs to Controller ..187 Output from Controller ..188 Definition of Engine Performance Terms ..193 Torque ..193 Power ..196 Fuel Consumption ..198 Engine Overall Efficiency ..200 Calibration ..201 Engine Mapping ..201 Effect of Air/Fuel Ratio on Performance ..202 Effect of Spark Timing on Performance ..203 Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance.

5 204 Exhaust Catalytic Converters ..206 Oxidizing Catalytic Converter ..206 The Three-Way Catalyst ..207 electronic Fuel-Control System ..209 Engine Control Sequence ..212 Open-Loop Control ..213viii ContentsClosed-Loop Control ..213 Closed-Loop Operation ..215 Analysis of Intake Manifold Pressure ..219 Measuring Air Mass ..220 Influence of Valve System on Volumetric Efficiency ..223 Idle Speed Control ..224 electronic Ignition ..230 chapter 6: Sensors and Actuators .. 233 Automotive Control System Applications of Sensors and Actuators ..234 Variables to be Measured ..236 Airflow Rate Sensor ..236 Pressure Measurements ..242 Engine Crankshaft Angular Position Sensor ..245 Magnetic Reluctance Position Sensor ..247 Hall-Effect Position Sensor ..259 Optical Crankshaft Position Sensor ..263 Throttle Angle Sensor ..265 Temperature Sensors ..268 Typical Coolant Sensor ..268 Sensors for Feedback Control ..270 Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor ..270 Oxygen Sensor Improvements.

6 274 Knock Sensors ..276 Automotive Engine Control Actuators ..279 Fuel Injection ..284 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Actuator ..286 Variable Valve Timing ..288 VVP Mechanism Model ..290 Electric Motor Actuators ..292 Brushless DC Motors ..301 Stepper Motors ..304 Ignition System ..304 Ignition Coil Operations ..305 chapter 7: Digital Powertrain Control Systems .. 309 Introduction ..310 Digital Engine Control ..310 Digital Engine Control Features ..312 Contents ixControl Modes for Fuel Control ..316 Engine Start ..317 Open-Loop Mode ..317 Acceleration/Deceleration ..317 Engine Crank ..319 Engine Warm-Up ..320 Open-Loop Control ..322 Closed-Loop Control ..323 Acceleration Enrichment ..328 Deceleration Leaning ..328 Idle Speed Control ..329 Discrete Time Idle Speed Control ..329 EGR Control ..335 Variable Valve Timing Control ..337 electronic Ignition Control ..343 Closed-Loop Ignition Timing ..347 Spark Advance Correction Scheme ..353 Integrated Engine Control System.

7 354 Secondary Air Management ..354 Evaporative Emissions Canister Purge ..355 Automatic System Adjustment ..356 System Diagnosis ..356 Summary of Control Modes ..357 Engine Crank (Start) ..357 Engine Warm-Up ..357 Open-Loop Control ..357 Closed-Loop Control ..358 Hard Acceleration ..358 Deceleration and Idle ..359 Automatic Transmission Control ..359 Torque Converter Lock-Up Control ..366 Differential and Traction Control ..366 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Control ..368 chapter 8: Vehicle-Motion Controls .. 381 Representative Cruise Control System ..382 Digital Cruise Control ..390 Hardware Implementation Issues ..394 Throttle Actuator ..396 Cruise Control Electronics ..400x ContentsStepper Motor-based Actuator Electronics ..401 Vacuum-Operated Actuator ..403 Advanced Cruise Control ..406 Antilock Braking System ..410 Tire-Slip Controller ..420 electronic Suspension System ..420 Variable Damping via Variable Strut Fluid Viscosity ..442 Variable Spring Rate.

8 443 electronic Suspension Control System ..444 electronic Steering Control ..446 Four-Wheel Steering ..449 Summary ..457 chapter 9: Automotive Instrumentation and Telematics .. 459 Modern Automotive Instrumentation ..460 Input and Output Signal Conversion ..463 Multiplexing ..465 Multirate Sampling ..468 Advantages of Computer-Based Instrumentation ..469 Display Devices ..470 LED ..474 LCD ..476 Transmissive LCD ..480 VFD ..480 Flat Panel Display ..483 Fuel Quantity Measurement ..491 Coolant Temperature Measurement ..497 Oil Pressure Measurement ..498 Vehicle Speed Measurement ..500 High-Speed Digital Communications (CAN) ..502 CAN Network ..504 Trip Information Computer ..507 Telematics ..510 GPS Navigation ..511 The GPS System Structure ..516 Automotive Diagnostics ..519 chapter 10: Diagnostics and Occupant Protection .. 521 electronic Control System Diagnostics ..522 Contents xiService Bay Diagnostic Tool ..524 Onboard Diagnostics ..525 Model-Based Sensor Failure Detection.

9 526 Diagnostic Fault Codes ..529 Onboard Diagnosis (OBD II) ..543 Model-Based Misfire Detection System ..544 Expert Systems in Automotive Diagnosis ..555 Occupant Protection Systems ..561 Glossary .. 569 Quiz questions .. 573 Index .. 589xii Contents