Use of Mathematical Modelling in Electron Beam Processing ...

1 This publication is intended to serve as both a guidebook and introductory tutorial for the use of Mathematical Modelling (using mostly Monte Carlo methods) in Electron beam Processing . The emphasis of this guide is on industrial irradiation methodologies, with extensive reference to existing literature and applicable standards. Its target audience is readers who have a basic understanding of Electron beam technology and want to evaluate and apply Mathematical Modelling for the design and operation of irradiators, and those who wish to have a better understanding of irradiation methodology and process development for new ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCYVIENNAISBN 978 92 0 112010 6 ISSN 2220 7341 IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES No.

2 1 IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES No. 1 Use of Mathematical Modelling in Electron beam Processing : A 12011-01-14 14:43:06 IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES PUBLICATIONSOne of the main objectives of the IAEA Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology programme is to enhance the expertise and capability of IAEA Member States in utilizing the methodologies for radiation Processing , compositional analysis and industrial applications of radioisotope techniques in order to meet national needs as well as to assimilate new developments for improving industrial process efficiency and safety, development and characterization of value-added products.

3 And treatment of pollutants/hazardous in the IAEA Radiation Technology Series provide information in the areas of: radiation Processing and characterization of materials using ionizing radiation, and industrial applications of radiotracers, sealed sources and non-destructive testing. The publications have a broad readership and are aimed at meeting the needs of scientists, engineers, researchers, teachers and students, laboratory professionals, and instructors. International experts assist the IAEA Secretariat in drafting and reviewing these publications. Some of the publications in this series may also be endorsed or co-sponsored by international organizations and professional societies active in the relevant fields.

4 There are two categories of publications: the IAEA Radiation Technology Series and the IAEA Radiation Technology RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIESP ublications in this category present guidance information or methodologies and analyses of long term validity, for example protocols, guidelines, codes, standards, quality assurance manuals, best practices and high level technological and educational material. IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY REPORTSIn this category, publications complement information published in the IAEA Radiation Technology Series in the areas of: radiation Processing of materials using ionizing radiation, and industrial applications of radiotracers, sealed sources and NDT.

5 These publications include reports on current issues and activities such as technical meetings, the results of IAEA coordinated research projects, interim reports on IAEA projects, and educational material compiled for IAEA training courses dealing with radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical related subjects. In some cases, these reports may provide supporting material relating to publications issued in the IAEA Radiation Technology of these publications can be downloaded cost free from the IAEA web site: information is available from:Marketing and Sales UnitInternational Atomic Energy AgencyVienna International CentrePO Box 1001400 Vienna, AustriaReaders are invited to provide feedback to the IAEA on these publications.

6 Information may be provided through the IAEA web site, by mail at the address given above, or by email 22011-01-19 09:43:49 USE OFMATHEMATICAL Modelling INELECTRON beam Processing :A GUIDEBOOKThe following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:The Agency s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world.

7 AFGHANISTANALBANIAALGERIAANGOLAARGENTINA ARMENIAAUSTRALIAAUSTRIAAZERBAIJANBAHRAIN BANGLADESHBELARUSBELGIUMBELIZEBENINBOLIV IABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINABOTSWANABRAZILBULGARIABURKINA FASOBURUNDICAMBODIACAMEROONCANADACENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICCHADCHILECHINACOLOMBIACONGOCOSTA RICAC TE D IVOIRECROATIACUBACYPRUSCZECH REPUBLICDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGODENMARKDOMINICAN REPUBLICECUADOREGYPTEL SALVADORERITREAESTONIAETHIOPIAFINLANDFRA NCEGABONGEORGIAGERMANYGHANAGREECEGUATEMA LAHAITIHOLY SEEHONDURASHUNGARYICELANDINDIAINDONESIAI RAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQIRELANDISRAELITALYJAMAICAJAPANJORDAN KAZAKHSTANKENYAKOREA, REPUBLIC OFKUWAITKYRGYZSTANLATVIALEBANONLESOTHOLI BERIALIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYALIECHTENSTEINLITHUANIALUXEMBOU RGMADAGASCARMALAWIMALAYSIAMALIMALTAMARSH ALL ISLANDSMAURITANIAMAURITIUSMEXICOMONACOMO NGOLIAMONTENEGROMOROCCOMOZAMBIQUEMYANMAR NAMIBIANEPAL NETHERLANDSNEW ZEALANDNICARAGUANIGERNIGERIANORWAYOMANPA KISTANPALAUPANAMAPARAGUAYPERUPHILIPPINES POLANDPORTUGALQATARREPUBLIC OF MOLDOVAROMANIARUSSIAN FEDERATIONSAUDI ARABIASENEGALSERBIASEYCHELLESSIERRA LEONESINGAPORESLOVAKIASLOVENIASOUTH AFRICASPAINSRI LANKASUDANSWEDENSWITZERLANDSYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICTAJIKISTANTHAILANDTHE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIATUNISIATURKEYUGANDAUKRAINEUNITE D ARAB EMIRATESUNITED

8 KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELANDUNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIAUNITED STATES OF AMERICAURUGUAYUZBEKISTANVENEZUELAVIETNAM YEMENZAMBIAZIMBABWEUSE OFMATHEMATICAL Modelling INELECTRON beam Processing :A GUIDEBOOKINTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCYVIENNA, 2010 IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES No. 1 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication DataUse of Mathematical Modelling in Electron beam Processing : a guidebook. Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, ; 24 cm. (IAEA radiation technology series, ISSN 2220 7341 ; no. 1)STI/PUB/1474 ISBN 978 92 0 112010 6 Includes bibliographical Electron beams Industrial applications. 2. Electron beams Mathematical models.

9 3. Monte Carlo method. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. 00664 COPYRIGHT NOTICEAll IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis.

10 Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing SectionInternational Atomic Energy AgencyVienna International CentrePO Box 1001400 Vienna, Austriafax: +43 1 2600 29302tel.: +43 1 2600 22417email: IAEA, 2010 Printed by the IAEA in AustriaDecember 2010 STI/PUB/1474 FOREWORDThe use of Electron beam irradiation for industrial applications, like the sterilization of medical devices or cross-linking of polymers, has a long and successful track record and has proven itself to be a key technology. Emerging fields, including environmental applications of ionizing radiation, the sterilization of complex medical and pharmaceutical products or advanced material treatment, require the design and control of even more complex irradiators and irradiation processes.