V&M 13% Cr & Super 13% Cr steel grades for …

1 V & M 13%Cr & Super13%Cr steel grade sforSw eetCO2co rr osi onser vic eVa llou rec Gro upSOUR SERVICEHI GH COL LAPSE13 CR/SUPER13 CRVM 80 13C rVM 90 13C rVM 95 13C rVM 95 13C rSSVM 11 0 13Cr SSVM 80 13E T13% Cr & Super13% Cr V& M grades }Higher Pe rf or mancesV&MCRA gradesV&MTub es of fer s also a full ran ge of prop rietaryCRA materialsfor the morestringentcorrosiveen vir onments. It inc ludesth e ma in OCTG duplex,sup er du plex, sup er austenitic and nickelbasealloyslike : VM 2222%Cr duplex st eel VM 2525%Cr duplex st eel VM 25S25%Cr su per du plex steel VM 2828%Cr su per au st enit ic steel VM 825 VM G3 Nick el base alloys VM 50CO2cor rosionin OCT GThe gr owingdemandof ene rgyha s resulted in a generalneedtopro du ce fields witha tan pr esence of corrosive species suchas CO2,H2S, organicacid s,O2andchlorideshasa pronounce d effect on corrosionin produ-cin g xideis almostalw ayspresentand its effecton corros ionis primaril y by dec re asingthepH of thewa terphas e.

2 Carbon dioxide instigates gene ra l co rrosion, localizedco r-ro sio n or formationof hardironca r the last25 years,theuseof 13%Cr se amless steelpipeshasbeenthe most co st effectiveso lutionto protec t againstsweetwetCO2corros ion .1. Me cha nism of we t CO2co rro si onCo rro sio n arises becauseCO2gasdiss olv es intoproduc ed wat er .Ther ef or e, th e mainpa ra me tersdriv ingCO2corrosio n ar e: act ualCO2partia l pr es sure(or maximumva lueat th e bubblepres su re in oil wells), act ualpHof th e waterphase, act ualtemperature, weakacids, flo w rat e (fo r carbonand lowalloyste el on ly ).CO2corros ionis related to theche mical rea ctions associatedwiththe pr od (g as )+ H2O CO2(disso lve d)CO2(d is solved)+ H2O H2CO3 H++ HCO3 The ov erallmechanism(describedby DeWaar d andMilliams1)whenCO2gas is in con tac t withste el is:2(H++ HCO3-) + Fe Fe+++ 2H CO3-+ H2It in ducesse veraltyp es of corrosionatta ckson st eel Stan dar d reco mm en da tion sTheph ys ic al phe nomenon as soc ia te d wit h a sweetwe t CO2corro-sionis known as the uniformco rrosionor th e we n conditions it has be en de monstr ate d tha t th e additionof asuf fic ie nt quantityof chromium in a ste el alloycandr ama tic all yre du ce andeve n st op th is phenomeno n.

3 Ad vanced13%Cr stain-le ss ste els we re deve lop ed in the19 70s, withmartensiticmicros-tructur es. Morerecen tl y, S uper 13%Cr alloys were de ve loped,withimproved resis tance to certainformsof corrosion:Theycombinelowcarbon content andad ditionsof Ni MR01 75/ISO 15156- 32, API 5CT/IS O 119603andISO136804int er na tionalstandardsde finethe rules of selectionandthema terial spe cificatio ns formartens iticand Super mar tensiticsta inless ste Corr osi on re sistan ceAs shown on thepic tur e below, car bonste el is subject to dr asticge ner al and loc al CO2corrosionwhile13%Cr alloyremainspro-te cte d thanksto its pas sive lot of param et ers maych angethe int en sit y andthespeed of theab ovegener al mec ha nis n of refe re nc e pa pe rs5.

4 6sh owstheevolutionof thecorrosio n rate ve rs us te mperatur e andchlor t gr aphdis playsthecorrosionrate of a 5 1/2 17 a sea wate r as a fun ctionof time. It illustrate s thelifeexpecta ncyof thetubing,bas ed on a 50%wall thicknesslossasSweetCO2servic e gradesTableof mainele me nt sanac ceptablelimit. That graphclearly hig hlightstheadvanta-ge ouseffectof 13% osionactsbot h thr ou gh gen er al we ightlos s an d thr ou ghac utelocalizedat tac alisedcorrosio n of carbonst eel consists of severe andde ep dis -solutionof themetalat discrete are mainfor msareknown: Pitting(noor mo derateflo w conditions) Mesa Att ack(t hr ou gh unstableca rbonate protecti ve layer) FlowInduced(reinforcedby hig h flo wingconditions)4.

5 Limitsof corrosionresi stan ceFie ld casehist oriesprovidethemo st reliabledatabaseforth e mea-surementof theefficiencyof a material wit hina cor rosive ingsucha V & MTUBES database,ourex per ts can analyseallthe parametersin th e well en helpthe ir dia gnosis,theeffects of themainfactorswhich provokesweet corrosionhavebeenstudiedin tial Pres su re :CO2content de te rmines theac idiccon di -tions. The n thehigh er th e CO2 Par tialPre ssurethelowerthecor -ros ionre sis tance at ur e:Thetempe ra tu re is linked to th e kineticsof th e che -mical re ac inc rease limits the co :As pHis mainly dic ta ted by CO2 Par tialPr essure, thedec reaseof pH will de cre as e thecorrosionresis tan lor id e conten t:Recent stu die s haveshownthatthechlorideco nte nt hasa detr iment al effe ct on thepas siva a de cre as e in thecorro sio n re sis CO2corros ionof Car bonSteel OCTG pipeT ( F)P CO2(PSI)T ( F)T ( C)pHT ( C)5.

6 Su lf ide Str ess Cr ac kin g re sistanceTh e firs t st andar d pub lished by NACEin 1975definedSourService7conditions above a thr eshold of Pa rtial Pr essure H2S 5 psi. NACEMR0175/ ISO15156 sta ndardhassin ce emer-gedan d definesSou r Ser vicedomainsas a functionof th e PartialPres su re H2S andthe in -s e NACE/ ISOstan dardlim its theuseof 13%Cralloys at amaximum H2S pa rt ial pressur e of psian d pH in th eir paper8de finea widerdomain of nonso ur ser vic efor L8 0 13% Cr if th e ac tu al yie ld stren gthof pipes is ap propriate(greencolour on the figurebelow). V & M TUBES recommenda-tio n is to performSS C te stsaccordingto we ll conditions withPartialPr ess ur e H2S be tween (r ed -g reendott ed areaof the gra ph be low).

7 Note:Accordin g to the Fit -For-Purposeapproach an d sin ce chlo-rideco nt en t is an important pa ra me ter , twotypical env ironmen tssuchas fo rmationan d condensedwa tersmay be use d forassessingtheco rro sio n res ist anceof marte nsiticstainlessste r-matio n wateroriginates in th e va rious ge olo gic al ho rizons of oilandgas reservoirs,condense d wate r is pr oduced in th e tub ingasthepressure an d the temperatu re de cr ea se. As me ntioned in th e lit e-rature a typ icalformationwater ex tra cte d withth e oil an d gasef flu entco nt ainschloride ionswithconcent rat ionsupto about20 0,0 00 ppm withpH va lue s closeto . Fo r a typical co ndensedwat er th e contentwillbeabout1,0 00ppmchloridewithoutbic ar bonate s le ading to a pH value be tween ab 13% Cr Alloys Sel ecti on guid eline sThetablebelowgive som e guidance to steel cha rt isconservative an d hasbe en bas ed on a worst case fullkn ow le dg e of th e sp ec ificoilfield en vironment willoftenallowa larger rangeof us e of theV & M ste Han dl ing an d stor ageAs a ge ne ral ru le pipeshallbe stor ed andhandledin ac cordancewithAPI RP 5C 19 Recommended Prac tic e forCar e andUse ofCas ingandTubing.

8 13%Cr an d Super 13%Cr ma te rialsaresens itiveto pittinginitia-te d by confined or tr apped humiditywiththepresenceof chlo -ride s. Neverthe le ss the y do no t suf ferfromroutinerinsing(r ain)providing tha t they are properl y packed andsta & MTUBES ens ur es th e conditionof its 13%Cr goodsby theus e of appropr iat e procedures tha t cover the packaging,temporaryprotection, stor ageandtra ns portationof its gradesChloride(ppm)8. Co mpetit ivenessof 13%Cr al loys9. Co rro sionexpertiseThere ar e mo re than twentyscientistsand materialexpertswo r-kingin ourthreeResearch& Development laboratories loc ate d inFr anceandGermany. Theirexpertisein pipecorrosionpr even-tionis basedon more thanfif ty yearsof workwit h theOil & Gasindustry.

9 Ourla boratoriesar e equippedwit h efficient CO2an d H2S corro-sioninvestigation toolssuchas electrochemicalan d aut & MTUBES is happy to aid yourse lectionprocess an d todemonstrateit s validit Fir st cla ss pr oc ess in g13 % Cr and Super 13 % Cr ste el elaborationis processed in ourSa int-Sa ulvestee l plant in Fr ance or by expert steels makerpart-ners. Equ ipmentsinc ludeele ct ric al fur naces fedfromscrap,blastfur naces fedwithironore , vac uu m de gas singbatches, continuousca st to produce st eel roundsand fo e 13 % Cr and Super 13%Cr pipeis producedin fo ur millsinFr an ce, Br az il and Ge rmany. Ove rall ca pacity reachesup to fortyth ou san d tons per ye ar.

10 Equipme ntsinc lude: Adv an ce d hot-ro lle d processe s: Pilg er mill,continuousmandrelmills,plugro llingmills,MPM mill,.. Hea t treatm en ts withcompute r controlle d au sten itizingan dtempe rin g furnac es , int er nalor exte rn al quenchingunits. Non -d es tru cti ve evaluatio n on or of f line, including thelatestultra son ic te chnolo gylikephase d- arr ay,cap turingsmallestdefects , and finishingfo r the OC TG market inc lud es fulllengthmillth rea din g andstockmanagem en t in ninefa cilitiesaroundtheworld, in Fran ce , Germ any, UK,US A, Ca na da,Mexico,Brazilan d Ind one sia, a VAM Lice ns ee ne tw orkof more tha n onehun -dre d ac cesso ry an d repairsh opsaroundthewo rldand a quality.