녹조발생 - webbook.me.go.kr

1 2012-89.. 2012. 12. < >. 1 .. 3. 2 .. 19. 3 .. 61. 4 .. 79. 5 .. 83.. ( ).. : ( ). : ( ). : ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ).. 1 . 1 . 1.. 8 .. Geosmin , Microcystin . 6 Geosmin 50~194 ppt ( ), 38~97. ppt, 6,558 /mL( ), Geosmin 292 ppt .. Reservoirs, rivers Natural Estuaries, agoons Marine coastal Region/country and irrigation lakes and closed areas waters systems Africa Central + ++ +. North + ++ +. South ++. Central America Caribbean + + +. Guatemala/Nicaragua +. Mexico + ++. North America Canada ++ + +. USA ++ ++ ++ +. South America Argentina/Chile + ++ + +. Brazil + ++ ++ +. Columbia/Ecuador/Peru + ++ + +. Venezuela/Suriname + + ++. Asia China ++ + +. India/Pakistan + ++ +. Indochina + +. Indonesia/Philippines ++ +. Japan ++ + ++ +. - i - Reservoirs, rivers Natural Estuaries, agoons Marine coastal Region/country and irrigation lakes and closed areas waters systems Oceania Australia/New Zealand ++ ++ ++ +. Europe (EU countries).

2 Belgium +. Denmark ++ +. France ++ + ++. F. Germany, Fed. Rep. ++ ++ + +. Greece + + +. Ireland ++ +. Italy ++ ++ + ++. Netherlands ++ ++. Portugal ++ +. Spain ++ +. UK ++ ++. Europe (other countries). Austria Former Czechoslovakia ++. Filand +. ++ + +. Former German Dem. Rep. + ++ + +. Hungary + +. Norway ++ + ++ +. Poland ++ +. Romania +. Sweden ++ + ++. Switzerland ++. Former USSR + ++ + +. Former Yugoslavia +. + Identified problems, ++ Serious problems, Source Earthwatch, 1992.. - Microcystins: , . - Geosmin 2-MIB: . 2.. - ii - - . - . - . - Algae Mat . , . - , , .. - . - , . Humic Fulvic THM . - pH , .. - AOC . - . - iii - - . 2 .. - Clay , Clay . - . - , - , , , . - . - * . * Telemetry ( Remote sensing) . - . * DAF.. * , .. * ( O&M). * ( ). - * ( ). - * . * . - (2-MIB, Geosmin) . - ( ) . - . - + . - .. - .. - .. - iv - 3 .. , , .. 4 . 2 1 . 3 ( . -a 15mg/m . ).. 500cells/ml . ( , ).. ( ) . - v - . 4 2 ( -a, . ( , , ). ) . 2.

3 -a 25mg/m . 3.. ( , ). 5,000cells/ml .. ( ) .. 4 2 ( -a, . ( , , ). ) .. 2 . -a 100mg/m . 3. , .. 6 . 10 cells/ml . ( , ).. ( ) .. 2 4 . -a 15mg/m3 ( . ).. 500cells/ml .. ( ).. - vi - 2 . 1 .. Clay . (diatomite) .. (Phoslock) . (algicide) . : , 1 . DAF .. microcystin PCR, ELISA, HPLC.. : .. - 2010 GOCI . - (KIOST) '. (GOCI) . - Lyngbya majscula Landsat 7 ETM+ . Microcytin ImmunoAssay Kit - RIA. - ELISA. - ELISA. - vii - 2 ( ).. , (TiO2) . , ( , 1999; . ( ) , 2000).. , , ( , 1988). TOC, UV-254, . ( , 1999). , . , . (ABS) ( , 2002). (AQfloc) .. ( , 2001). , ( , . 2005). Pilot plant . , ( , 1996). , / . Filter absorber ( , 2004). , ( . , 1996). (2-MIB, TiO2/UV pH Geosmin . Geosmin) . ( , 1999). pH , ( .. , 2003).. ( , 2006). , (TiO2) . ( , 2002). (LD50) . , . ( , 1999). ( , -LR ( . ) . , 2005).. ( , 2003). - viii - - , : : DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation) . - . (Interception Impaction) . ( (Head loss)).. - (Membrane). ANABAENA MICROCYSTIS.

4 Fouling . , DAF . - . Hydroxyl radical Geosmin MIB . - . Geosmin 2-MIB . Hepatotoxins (Microcystins) , + .. - .. - ix - Geosmin 2 MIB , .. - Microstrainer , .. - .. 3 (Geosmin, 2-MIB) . Geosmin, 2-MIB(2-Methylisoborneol), -Cyclocitral, 3-Methyl-1-Butanol, TCA 2,3,6-Trichloroanisole), IPMP (2-Isopropyl-3-Methoxy Prazine), IBMP (2-Isobutyl-3-Methyoxy Pyrazine), Sesquiterpenes . (2001) . - Geosmin 2-MIB . - / . - Geosmin 2-MIB . - 2-MIB Geosmin . 4 ( ) . Microcystin-LR 1-2 ppm . - x - Microcystin-LR (DOC : Lake yh nj rvi = ppm, Lake Greifensee = ppm) (Onstad et al., 2007). [ 3] Microcystin-RR . , 6 . [ 2-5] Microcystin ( , 2003). Concentration of Dissolved Microcystin Unit process ( g m-RR ). Aug. 26 Sep. 11 Sept. 18 Sept. 25. Raw water Pre-chlorination - - > Pre-ozonation ND Coagulation/Sedimentation ND Filtration ND Post-chlorination ND ND ND ND. 5 . 1.. (algaecide) . Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) . - xi - 2.. pH .. 3.. 4.

5 /DAF . : (PAC). 6 .. - xii - 3 . 1 .. - , , 100-500 Da . EDCs . - (RO) (NF) EDCs PPCPs .. - GAC EDCs . - kinetic , . , , carbon , NOM .. (Biological and chemical conversion). - , . (AOPs) EDCs PPCPs . - (supercritical fluid extraction), , . EDCs . E1 E2 . (pH 7, O3 = 1 mg/L, E1 & E2 = 2 mg/L) ( , 2006). - xiii - ( mg/L dose) . (ng/L, n=20) (Snyder, 2009) (Snyder, 2009). UV (40 mJ/cm2) ( mg/L dose) . (Snyder, 2009) (Snyder, 2009). - xiv - 2 .. - NF 1990 . - 2 .. - , 1 .. 4 Geosmin 2-MIB . (Dixon , 2011). - xv - - .. C. Robert Reiss, James S. Surface water treatment using nanofiltration - pilot 1999. Tayler, Christophe Robert testing results and design considerations Feasibility of using nanofiltration as a polishing Anand J. Mody process for removal of cyanobacterial exudates from 2004. treated surface water (2-MIB, Geosmin) Mike B. Dixon, Chorlotte Falconet, Lionel Ho, Removal of cyanobacterial metabolites by nanofiltration 2011.

6 Christopher W. K. Chow, from two treated waters Brian K. O'Neill, Gayle Newcombe An integrated approach to algal by-products including M. R. Simpson, bench scale evaluation of nanofiltration for microcystin 2002. B. W. MacLeod removal D. P. Smith, V. Falls, Nanofiltration to augment conventional treatment for A. D. Levine, removal of algal toxins, taste and odor compounds, 2002. B. W. Mac Leod, and natural organic matter M. Simpson, T. L. Champlin Margarida Ribau Teixeira, Microcystins removal by nanofiltration membrane 2005. Maria Joao Rosa (Microcystin). A. J. Gijsbertsen-Abrahamse, W. Schmidt, Removal of cyanotoxins by ultrafiltration and 2006. I. Chorus, nanofiltration S. G. J. Heijman Margarida Ribau Teixeira, Neurotoxin and hepatotoxic cyanotoxins removal by 2006. Maria Joao Rosa nanofiltration M. B. Dixon, C. Falconet, L. Ho, C. W. K. Chow, Nanofiltration for the removal of algal metabolites and 2010. B. K. O'Neill, the effects of fouling G.

7 Newcombe - xvi - . - .. 20kHz .. / (cavity) . , .. - 5000K, 1000atm .. - 500 m/s . (micro-jet) . - xvii - . [ 3-2] . ( : , : , : ). - xviii - 4 . - . - . - . - . - RFP . - R&D . - xix - . 1 3. 1 .. 3. 2 .. 12. 3 .. 13. 2 19. 1 .. 19. 2 ( ) .. 30. 3 (Geosmin, 2-MIB) .. 43. 4 ( ) .. 46. 5 .. 49. 6 .. 56. 3 61. 1 .. 61. 2 .. 67. 4 79. 5 83. - xx - . < 1-1> Perceived eutrophication problem in different continents and countries .. 4. < 1-2> .. 12. < 1-3> .. 15. < 2-1> .. 31. < 2-2> DAF+PAC .. 35. < 2-3> Geosmin, 2-MIB , OH .. 46. < 2-4> Microcystin-LR , OH .. 47. < 2-5> Microcystin ( , 2003) .. 49. < 2-6> .. 57. - xxi - . [ 1-1] .. 3. [ 1-2] Anabaena .. 5. [ 1-3] Microcystis .. 5. [ 1-4] .. 7. [ 1-5] Microcystins .. 7. [ 1-6] .. 10. [ 1-7] .. 11. [ 1-8] .. 15. [ 2-1] .. 24. [ 2-2] .. 25. [ 2-3] .. 25. [ 2-4] .. 26. [ 2-5] .. 31. [ 2-6] Typical DAF system .. 33. [ 2-7] .. 33. [ 2-8] (Halosource) .. 33. [ 2-9] Mechanism .. 36. [ 2-10] Diffusion, Interception, Sedimentation.

8 37.. [ 2-11] Mechanism .. 38. [ 2-12] Spectrum .. 39. [ 2-13] Glycine Valine (-NH2) functional group , .. 39. Organic Chloramine . [ 2-14] Macro, Meso, Micro Pores .. 41. [ 2-15] Geosmin 2-MIB .. 41. [ 2-16] Fraction of odour compound remaining as a function of time .. 41. [ 2-17] Geosmin ( , 2004) .. 45. - xxii - [ 2-18] Microcystin-LR .. 47. [ 2-19] Microcystin-LR .. 48. [ 2-20] .. 50. [ 2-21] .. 50. [ 3-1] .. 75. [ 3-2] .. 76. - xxiii - 1 .. 1 . 2 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1.. 8 .. Geosmin , Microcystin .. 20% .. Geosmin 590 ppt .. Anabaena, Microcystis (Microcystin-LR ) .. 3. -a ~ mg/m , 1,180~4,470 /mL ( ).. -a 15 mg/m3, 500 /mL .. 6 50~194 ppt ( ) , 38~97 ppt . 6,558 . /mL( ) , 292 ppt . [ 1-1] . 3.. < 1-1> Perceived eutrophication problem in different continents and countries Reservoirs, rivers Natural Estuaries, agoons Marine coastal Region/country and irrigation lakes and closed areas waters systems Africa Central + ++ +. North + ++ +.

9 South ++. Central America Caribbean + + +. Guatemala/Nicaragua +. Mexico + ++. North America Canada ++ + +. USA ++ ++ ++ +. South America Argentina/Chile + ++ + +. Brazil + ++ ++ +. Columbia/Ecuador/Peru + ++ + +. Venezuela/Suriname + + ++. Asia China ++ + +. India/Pakistan + ++ +. Indochina + +. Indonesia/Philippines ++ +. Japan ++ + ++ +. Oceania Australia/New Zealand ++ ++ ++ +. Europe (EU countries). Belgium +. Denmark ++ +. France ++ + ++. F. Germany, Fed. Rep. ++ ++ + +. Greece + + +. Ireland ++ +. Italy ++ ++ + ++. Netherlands ++ ++. Portugal ++ +. Spain ++ +. UK ++ ++. 4. 1 . < 1-1> Perceived eutrophication problem in different continents and countries( ). Reservoirs, rivers Natural Estuaries, agoons Marine coastal Region/country and irrigation lakes and closed areas waters systems Europe (other countries). Austria Former Czechoslovakia ++. +. Filand ++ + +. Former German Dem. Rep. + ++ + +. Hungary + +. Norway ++ + ++ +.

10 Poland ++ +. Romania +. Sweden ++ + ++. Switzerland ++. Former USSR. + ++ + +. Former Yugoslavia +. + Identified problems, ++ Serious problems, Source Earthwatch, 1992.. Anabaeda Filamentous Cyanobacteria . Mosquito fern .. , Microcystins . Geosmin . 2-MIB . [ 1-2] Anabaena [ 1-3] Microcystis 5.. Mycrocystis Cyanobacteria , . Neurotoxins hepatotoxins . Mycrocystis . 1996 (Caruaru) 50 .. Microcystin-LR WHO guideline 1 g/L . Microcystins . , Cl2/L 30 pH < 8 . 100% 1). Microcystins , / / . 59~97% .2) Microcystin 1931 Ohio River . Harare (Zimbabwe) .. 1996 55 ( ) .. Cynobacteria .. Mycrocystin WHO Guideline .. Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) level (WHO) g/kg/d . WHO MICROCYSTIN-LR 1 g/L (ppb) .. 5~10 mg/kg body .. MICROCYSTIN 1 g/L~100 mg/L 3). 20. g of Microcystin-LR per gram of supplement . Anabaena (Baker and Humpage, 1994; Codd, 2000). Anabaena anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), (paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP) (Rapala and Sivonen, 1998).