Zambia Human Development Report 2011

1 Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . Service Delivery for Sustainable Human Development As part of the poverty reduction and Millennium Development Goals local level efforts, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports country programmes to develop their capacity to increase access to basic public services for the poor and the potential of multi-stakeholders partnerships to complement traditional public service delivery approaches . ( ). Copyright 2011 . By the United Nations Development Programme Alick Nkhata Road Box 31966. Lusaka, 10101. Zambia The analysis and policy recommendations of the Report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board, or its Member States.

2 The Report is an independent publication commissioned by UNDP Zambia . It is the product of collaborative efforts by a team of independent consultants, the Zambia Human Development Report Advisory Committee and UNDP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission from the United Nations Development Programme. Edited by Gretchen Luchsinger, Maryland, USA. Designed by Content Design Limited, Lusaka, Zambia Printed by New Horizon Printing Press, Lusaka, Zambia United Nations Development Programme Box 31966 Lusaka, Zambia Tel: +260-1-250800.

3 E-mail: / Website: Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . Service Delivery for Sustainable Human Development Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . Service Delivery for Sustainable Human Development Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . 1. Contents 6 Message from the Government 7 Foreword 8 Acknowledgements 10 Zambia 's Human Development Balance Sheet 12 Overview: Service Delivery for Sustainable Development 16 Chapter 1: Service Delivery and Human Development 16 Conceptual Framework 19 Service Delivery and the Attainment of the Millennium Development Goals 22 Conclusions 23 Chapter 2: Zambia 's Policy Environment 23 Policy context 24 Poverty Trends 25 Macroeconomic Indicators 26 Economic Growth by Sector 26 Employment Creation 27 Government Revenues and Expenditures 28 Governance 28 Emerging Patterns in the Delivery of Services in Zambia 28 Conclusions 30 Chapter 3: The State of Human Development in Zambia 30 Long-term Trends in Zambia 's HDI 32 Comparisons of the Human Development Index 33 Explaining Developments in Human Development Status 34 The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 35 The Gender Inequality Index 35 The Multidimensional Poverty Index 36 Conclusions 38 Chapter 4.

4 Agriculture 38 Service Delivery Framework 39 Policy and Institutional Context 40 Budget Performance 40 Capacity Building for Service Delivery Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . 42 Sector Performance 47 Cross-cutting Issues 48 Conclusions and Recommendations 50 Chapter 5: Education 50 Service Delivery Framework 51 Policy and Institutional Framework 52 Budget Performance 53 Sector Performance 2. 55 Critical Gaps in Service Delivery 58 Cross-cutting Issues 61 Conclusions and Recommendations 62 Chapter 6: Health 62 Service Delivery Framework 64 Budget Performance 66 Sector Performance 68 Performance in the Delivery of Health Services 73 Cross-cutting Issues 76 Conclusions and Recommendations 77 Chapter 7: Water and Sanitation 77 Service Delivery Framework 79 Budget Performance 81 Sector Performance 87 Cross-cutting Issues 88 Conclusions and Recommendations 90 Chapter 8.

5 General Conclusions and Way Forward 92 General Policy Recommendations 94 Action Plan for Improving Service Delivery by Sector 97 References 107 Acronyms 108 Technical Annex 108 Technical Note 1: Calculating the Human Development Index 109 Technical Note 2: Calculating the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 111 Technical Note 3: Calculating the Gender Inequality Index 112 Technical Note 4: Calculating the Multidimensional Poverty Index 115 Appendix Tables 115 Appendix Table 1: MDG 1 Indictors 115 Appendix Table 2: MDG Indicators 115 Appendix Table 3: MDG Indicators Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . 116 Appendix Table 4: MDG 4 Indicators 116 Appendix Table 5: MDG 5 Indicators 116 Appendix Table 6: MDG 6 Indicators 117 Appendix Table 7: MDG 7 Indicators 117 Appendix Table 8: GII Indices for Zambia and Provinces, 2008.

6 118 Appendix Table 9: Indicators and the calculation of MPI, 2006. 118 Appendix Table 10: Indicators and the Calculation of MPI, 2004. 119 Appendix Table 11: Trends in Sector Employment Levels, 2004-2008. 119 Appendix Table 12: Selected Competitiveness Indicators for Zambia , 2006-2010. 3. 120 Appendix Table 13: Area Planted and Crop Production, 2006/2007 to 2007/2008. 120 Appendix Table 14: Budget Allocations and Releases for Core Fifth National Development Plan Programmes, 2006-2008 (ZMK billion). 121 Appendix Table 15: Agriculture Expenditures by Category 122 Appendix Table 16: Trends in the Budget and Fertilizer Allocations, and Expected Production, 2002/2003 to 2009/2010.

7 122 Appendix Table 17: Dropout Rate for Grades 1-7 by Province, 2008. 123 Appendix Table 18: Teacher-Pupil Ratio by Grade and Province, 2005-2008. 123 Appendix Table 19: Examination Pass Rates in Grade 9 by Gender and Province, 2005 and 2008. 124 Appendix Table 20: Changes in Staffing Levels between 2005 and 2009. 125 Appendix Table 21: Clinical Health Workers per 1,000 People by Province, December 2008. 125 Appendix Table 22: Distribution of Health Workers by Size of Hospital, Type and Ownership, 2008. 126 Appendix Table 23: Total Number of Health Facilities by Population Size of Service Users, 2008. 126 Appendix Table 24: Performance Indicators: Unaccounted for Water and Operation and Maintenance Cost Coverage by Collection, 2006/2007 to 2009/2010.

8 127 Appendix Table 25: Costs of Operation: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation, 2008-2010. Boxes 41 Box : Budget Patters and Implications for Service Delivery 51 Box : Non-state Actors and Public-Private Partnerships in Education 54 Box 5 2: Free Primary Education Emerging Issues 78 Box : Challenges of the legal framework reduce effectiveness of service delivery institutions 81 Box : Commercial Service Providers 84 Box : Views of Some Service Providers 86 Box : Low Demand Leads to the Underutilization of Water Facilities Figures 17 Figure : Conceptual Framework: Linking Service Delivery to Human Development 18 Figure : The Accountability Triangle 26 Figure : Trends in the Level of Employment 26 Figure.

9 Trends in Fiscal Revenues (in Percent of GDP), 2006-2010. 27 Figure : Trends in governance indicators in Zambia , 1996-2008 31 Figure : HDI Evolution Zambia and Its Neighbours Zambia Human Development Report 2011 . 42 Figure : Percentage Contribution to Real GDP by Sub-sector 51 Figure : Education Structure in Zambia 59 Figure : Mean Score Trends for English and Mathematics, 1999-2006 65 Figure : Trends in Government Health Budget Allocations, 1995-2009 66 Figure : Actual Releases from Donors through the Ministry of Health, 1997 to 2009 67 Figure : Trends in Under-five Malnutrition Levels by Type, 1996-2007 68 Figure : Health Centre Staff-Patient Contact Ratio by Province, 2005-2008 4.

10 69 Figure : Percentage of Months for Which Drugs Were in Stock in Health Centres by Province, 2006 to 2008 69 Figure : Percentage of Months for Which Drugs Were in Stock in Hospitals by Province, 2006 to 2008 70 Figure : Hospital Bed Occupancy Rate by Province, 2005-2008. 71 Figure : Review of Health Facility Efficiency Studies in Selected African Countries 82 Figure : Access to Sanitation Facilities in Urban and in Rural Areas Tables 24 Table : Trends in Total Poverty, 1991-2006 24 Table : Trends in Selected Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000-2010 25 Table : Growth in GNP by Sector, 2001-2010 31 Table : Long-term trends in Zambia 's HDI, 1980-2010 32 Table : Comparison of developing regions HDI and its components, 2010 32 Table : HDI values for Zambia and its provinces, 2000, 2004 and 2008 33 Table : HDI component indices for Zambia and its provinces, 2008.