CEL212 Environmental Engineering Second …

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Page 1 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Department of Civil Engineering CEL212 Environmental Engineering Second Semester 2012-13 Laboratory Experiment 5: hardness Objective: Measure (1) Total hardness and (2) Calcium hardness using dye indicators Background: Hard Water: Hard waters are generally considered to be those waters that require considerable amounts of soap to produce foam and that also produce scale in water pipes, heaters, boilers and other units in which the temperature of water is increased. Hard water are appropriate for human consumption similar to that as soft waters, however it produces adverse actions with soap and thus their use for cleaning purposes is unsatisfactory and thus their removal from water is required. hardness of waters varies from place to place. In general, surface waters are softer than ground waters.

Page 2 Determination of Hardness: Hardness is expressed as mg/L CaCO 3.The first method is calculation based method and the second method is …

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