Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups Functional group- collection of atoms at a site gpwithin a molecule with a common bonding pattern The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the moleculeindependent of the rest of the molecule For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way (See Figure 3 1)(See Figure )Types of Functional Groups : Multiple bbdCarbon Carbon Bonds Alkaneshave only yC-C and C-H single bonds Alkeneshave a C-C Alkeneshave a CC double bond Alkyneshave a C-C triple bondtriple bond Areneshave special bonds that are tdrepresented as alternating single and double C-C bdi ibonds in a six-membered ring Functional Groups with Carbon Singly ddliBonded to an Electronegative Atom Alkyl halide:C bonded to halogen (C-X) Alkyl halide: C bonded to halogen (CX) Alcohol: Cbonded O of a hydroxyl group (C OH) Ether:Two C s bonded to the same O (C O C)() Amine:C bonded to N (C N) Thiol:C bonded to SH group (C SH) Sulfide: Two C s bonded to same S (C S C) Bonds are polar, with partial positive charge on C ( +) and partial negative charge ( )on( +) and partial negative charge ( ) on electronegative atomGroups with a Carbon Oxygen Double d(bl)Bond (Carbonyl Groups )Bonds are polar wi
Infrared (IR) Absorption IR energygy p p p absorption corresponds to specific vibrational and rotational modes, such as bending and stretching of bonds E i h t iti fth t i th f ti lEnergy is characteristic of the atoms in the functional group and their bonding
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