Handbook on Ground Wave Propagation - ITU
Handbook ON Ground WAVEPROPAGATIONInternational Telecommunication UnionSales and Marketing DivisionPlace des NationsCH-1211 Geneva 20SwitzerlandFax: +41 22 730 5194 Tel.: +41 22 730 6141E-mail: of 2014Radiocommunication BureauHANDBOOK ON Ground WAVE Propagation Edition of 2014Printed in SwitzerlandGeneva, 2014Photo credit: ShutterstockISBN 978-92-61-14641-2 SAP id978926114641238980 Handbook on Ground Wave Propagation Edition of 2014 Radiocommunication Bureau Handbook on Ground Wave Propagation iii Introduction Ground wave Propagation is of special interest for communication, particularly broadcasting, at the lower frequencies where the mode has been in use for more than 90 years. The Handbook is divided into four main parts dealing with: the fundamentals and theory; the main, wide scale considerations and prediction methods used for compatibility assessments and planning procedures, used for spectrum management and coverage purposes; the smaller scale variability which may be of major importance in assessing the qua
antenna Transmitting Direct wave antenna T Ground-reflected wave TPR = r2 EΦ Ep Ez r1 P Ψ2 Ψ1 In many cases, especially where the radiated frequency is in the VHF or higher frequency bands, the above calculation will give a perfectly acceptable result for practical applications. However a complete description
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