Search results with tag "Congressional research service"
U.S. Research and Development Funding and Performance ...
sgp.fas.orgOct 04, 2021 · Congressional Research Service R44307 · VERSION 15 · UPDATED 5 Author Information John F. Sargent Jr. Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress.
Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations
sgp.fas.orgMexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations Congressional Research Service 2 Figure 1. Map of Mexico Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS). Violence is an intrinsic feature of the trade in illicit drugs. Traffickers use it to settle disputes, and
Former Presidents: Pensions, Office Allowances, and Other ...
fas.orgFormer Presidents: Pensions, Office Allowances, and Other Federal Benefits Congressional Research Service 2 Service protection.6 In 1994, the law was amended to limit U.S. Secret Service coverage to 10 years for any President who entered office after January 1, 1997.7 President George W. Bush and his wife Laura Bush would have been the first former President and first lady who faced this
Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress
fas.orgRetirement Benefits for Members of Congress Congressional Research Service 1 Background on Congressional Pensions The Civil Service Retirement Act of 1920 (P.L. 66-215) established a pension system for federal
Women in Combat: Issues for Congress
sgp.fas.orgWomen in Combat: Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service 2 World War II and the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act In the earlier part of the 20th century, the idea of enlisting women into the armed services was met with broad opposition from military commanders, Congress, and the public.
Winter Congress Bill Writing Guide
states.jsa.orgLibrary of Congress offers a database of recently discussed Congressional bills on a website called “Thomas” which can be found at thomas.loc.gov/. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) provides members of Congress with nonpartisan research and analysis of issues. Although these reports are not directly
Women in Combat: Issues for Congress
fas.orgWomen in Combat: Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service 2 World War II and the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act In the earlier part of the 20th century, the idea of enlisting women into the armed services was met with broad opposition …
U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview - FAS
fas.orgMar 23, 2020 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress.
Venezuela: Overview of U.S. Sanctions
fas.orgJan 22, 2021 · Venezuela: Overview of U.S. Sanctions https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF10715 · VERSION 35 · UPDATED IF10715 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress.
Updated December 8, 2021 Venezuela: Political Crisis and U ...
sgp.fas.orgThis document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress.
Unemployment Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic - FAS
sgp.fas.orgAug 20, 2021 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) declared February 2020 as the start of the most recent economic downturn, marking the end of the longest period of expansion in U.S. history.1 This expansion followed the Great Recession (December 2007 to June 2009), a
Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID-19
sgp.fas.orgNov 15, 2021 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress.
The Corporation for Public Broadcasting: Federal Funding ...
fas.orgThe Corporation for Public Broadcasting: Federal Funding and Issues Congressional Research Service Summary The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) receives its funding through federal
Presidential Authority over Trade: Imposing Tariffs …
fas.orgPresidential Authority over Trade: Imposing Tariffs and Duties Congressional Research Service Summary The United States Constitution gives Congress the power to impose and collect taxes, tariffs,
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity
fas.orgHemp as an Agricultural Commodity Congressional Research Service Summary Industrial hemp is an agricultural commodity that is cultivated for use in the production of ...
Generation Y in the Workplace - NSLW
www.nslw.orgi Executive Summary The recruitment and retention of Generation Y, individuals born between 1977 and 2002, concern the federal government and the Congressional Research Service …
The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on ...
fas.orgThe Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 Congressional Research Service Summary With enactment of the FY2014 Consolidated ...
Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain
fas.orgRare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Congressional Research Service Summary The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the
U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts
fas.orgCongressional Research Service 1 War Dates Congress, usually through a declaration of war, has often been the first governmental authority to designate the beginning date of a war or armed conflict. The President, or executive branch officials responsible to him, through proclamation, or Congress, through legislation, has been
Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and ...
fas.orgShutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects Congressional Research Service RL34680 · VERSION 28 · UPDATED 1 Budget Negotiations and Choices It has been said that “conflict is endemic to budgeting.”1 If conflict within Congress or between Congress and the President impedes the timely enactment of annual appropriations acts or
The Pigford Cases: USDA Settlement of Discrimination Suits ...
nationalaglawcenter.orgThe Pigford Cases: USDA Settlement of Discrimination Suits by Black Farmers Congressional Research Service Summary On April 14, 1999, Judge Paul L. Friedman of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
International Law and Agreements: Their Effect upon U.S. Law
fas.orgSep 19, 2018 · International Law and Agreements: Their Effect upon U.S. Law Congressional Research Service Summary International law is derived from two primary sources—international agreements and customary practice. Under the U.S. legal system, international agreements can be entered into by means of a treaty or an executive agreement.
Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion
fas.orgTax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion Congressional Research Service Summary Addressing tax evasion and avoidance through use of tax havens has been the subject of a number
Accounting and Auditing Regulatory Structure: U.S. and ...
fas.orgCongressional Research Service 2 (1) private industry standards, (2) federal government standards, and (3) state and local government standards. Figure 1 provides an overview of the accounting and auditing standard-setters for the different segments that will be discussed in this report. Figure 1. Accounting and Auditing Standard-Setters Source ...
Dark Web - Federation of American Scientists
fas.orgDark Web Congressional Research Service 3 impossible to measure the size of the Deep Web. While some early estimates put the size of the Deep Web at 4,000–5,000 times larger than the surface web, the changing dynamic of how
Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and …
fas.orgOverseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and Status Congressional Research Service Summary The Department of Defense (DOD) estimates that …
Legislative Branch
appropriations.house.govongoing Library initiatives such as the Veterans’ History Project. o Of the amount for the Library, the bill includes $129.1 million for Congressional Research Service, an increase of $3.6 million above FY 2021 level.
Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief
sgp.fas.orgJun 11, 2021 · Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief Congressional Research Service 2 diplomatic position.”6 In October 2020, Afghan forces killed a high-ranking AQ operative in Afghanistan’s Ghazni province, where he reportedly was living and working with Taliban forces, further underscoring questions about
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and ...
sgp.fas.orgJul 29, 2020 · Congressional Research Service Summary This report provides U.S. war casualty statistics. It includes data tables containing the number of casualties among American military personnel who served in principal wars and combat operations from 1775 to the present. It also includes data on those wounded in action and
Costs of Major U.S. Wars - Federation of American Scientists
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service Summary This CRS report provides estimates of the costs of major U.S. wars from the American Revolution through current conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. It presents figures both in “current year dollars,” that is, in prices in effect at the time of each war, and in inflation-
Social Security: Minimum Benefits
sgp.fas.orgJun 15, 2021 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Social Security’s minimum benefit provision, the Special Minimum Primary Insurance Amount (PIA), is an alternative benefit formula that increases benefits paid to workers who had low earnings for many years and to their dependents and survivors. Unlike the regular Social Security
Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues ...
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service 3 groups restrict membership based on a number of factors, including race, ethnicity, kinship, and criminal background. These criminal organizations continue, even if leadership or membership changes over time. Further, violence and/or the threat of violence are integral aspects of organized crime.
Navy Ford CVN-78 Class Aircraft Carrier Program ...
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service 1 Introduction This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (CVN) aircraft carrier program. The Navy’s proposed FY2022 budget requests $2,659.5 million (i.e., about $2.7 billion) in
Digital Trade and U.S. Trade Policy
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service 1 Introduction The rapid growth of digital technologies in recent years has created new opportunities for U.S. consumers and businesses but also new challenges in international trade. For example, consumers today access e-commerce, social media, telemedicine, and other offerings not imagined thirty years ago.
An Introduction to the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
sgp.fas.orgJan 26, 2021 · Congressional Research Service 1 Overview The low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) program, which was created by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-514), is the federal government’s primary policy tool for the development of affordable rental housing. LIHTCs are awarded to developers to offset the cost of constructing
Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data
sgp.fas.orgFeb 21, 2020 · Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data Updated February 21, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42346
The Definition of 'Supervisor' Under the National Labor ...
sgp.fas.orgThe Definition of “Supervisor” Under the National Labor Relations Act Congressional Research Service 1 he National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) establishes certain protections for private sector employees who want to form or join a labor union. These protections do …
Offender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration ...
sgp.fas.orgOffender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community Congressional Research Service 1 Background Over 95% of the prison population today will be released at some point in the future.1 Since 1990, an average of 590,400 inmates have been released annually from state and federal prisons.2 The Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Bureau of …
Workers’ Compensation: Overview and Issues
sgp.fas.orgFeb 18, 2020 · These cuts and policy changes may be shifting some of the costs associated with workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths away from the employer and to the employee or social programs, ... Congressional Research Service 3 Employer Defenses Prior to workers’ compensation, in addition to having to prove negligence on the part of the
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
sgp.fas.orgMay 24, 2017 · The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Congressional Research Service Summary The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force on January 1, 1994. The agreement was signed by President George H. W. Bush on December 17, 1992, and approved by Congress on November 20, 1993. The NAFTA …
Congress's Contempt Power and the Enforcement of ...
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service Summary Congress’s contempt power is the means by which Congress responds to certain acts that in its view obstruct the legislative process. Contempt may be used either to coerce compliance, to punish the contemnor, and/or to remove the obstruction. Although arguably any action that
Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service 3 which had started in neighboring Tunisia, compelled the military to force the resignation of former President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011. During this period, Egypt experienced tremendous political tumult, culminating in Morsi’s one-year presidency. When Morsi took office
U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel - Federation of American Scientists
sgp.fas.orgThe foreign aid data in this report are compiled by the Congressional Research Service from a number of resources, including USAID's U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants (also known as the "Greenbook"), CRS communications with the State Department and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and annual State Department and USAID
U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ...
sgp.fas.orgCongressional Research Service Summary The economic and trade relationship with Mexico is of interest to U.S. policymakers because of Mexico¶s proximity to the United States, the extensive trade and investment relationship under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the conclusion of the NAFTA
CRS Report for Congress
training.fema.govCongressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RL33729 Federal Emergency Management Policy Changes After Hurricane Katrina: A Summary of Statutory Provisions November 15, 2006 Keith Bea, Coordinator Specialist, American National Government Government and Finance Division
Navy Lasers, Railgun, and Gun-Launched Guided Projectile ...
sgp.fas.orgNavy Lasers, Railgun, and Gun-Launched Guided Projectile Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Issue for Congress This report provides background information and issues for Congress on three potential new ship-
Goldwater-Nichols and the Evolution of Officer Joint ...
fas.orgGoldwater-Nichols and the Evolution of Officer Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) Kristy N. Kamarck Analyst in Military Manpower January 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service
Congressional Oversight Manual - Federation of …
fas.orgCongressional Oversight Manual Congressional Research Service Summary The Congressional Research Service (CRS) developed the Congressional Oversight Manual over 30 years ago, following a three-day December 1978 Workshop on Congressional Oversight and
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