Transcription of CHAPTER 12 Constituency Grammars
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Speech and Language Processing. Daniel Jurafsky & James H. Martin. Copyright 2021. Allrights reserved. Draft of December 29, GrammarsBecause the Nightby Bruce Springsteen and Patty SmithThe Fire Next Timeby James BaldwinIf on a winter s night a travelerby Italo CalvinoLove Actuallyby Richard CurtisSuddenly Last Summerby Tennessee WilliamsA Scanner Darklyby Philip K. DickSix titles that are not constituents, from Geoffrey K. Pullum onLanguage Log (who was pointing out their incredible rarity).The study of grammar has an ancient pedigree. The grammar of Sanskrit wasdescribed by the Indian grammarian P sometime between the 7th and 4th cen-turies BCE, in his famous treatise the adhy ay ( 8 books ). And our wordsyn-taxcomes from the Greeks yntaxis, meaning setting out together or arrangement ,syntaxand refers to the way words are arranged together. We have seen various syntacticnotions in previous chapters: ordering of sequences of words ( CHAPTER 2), probabil-ities for these word sequences ( CHAPTER 3), and the use of part-of-speech categoriesas a grammatical equivalence class for words ( CHAPTER 8).
The study of grammar has an ancient pedigree. The grammar of Sanskrit was described by the Indian grammarian P¯an.ini sometime between the 7th and 4th cen-turies BCE, in his famous treatise the As.t.adhy¯ ¯ay ¯ı (‘8 books’). And our word syn-syntax tax comes from the Greek s´yntaxis , meaning “setting out together or arrangement”,
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