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CHAPTER 14 COVALENT BONDING: ORBITALS

540 CHAPTER 14 COVALENT BONDING: ORBITALS The Localized Electron Model and Hybrid ORBITALS 9. The valence ORBITALS of the nonmetals are the s and p ORBITALS . The lobes of the p ORBITALS are 90E and 180E apart from each other. If the p ORBITALS were used to form bonds, then all bond angles shoud be 90E or 180E. This is not the case. In order to explain the observed geometry (bond angles) that molecules exhibit, we need to make up (hybridize) ORBITALS that point to where the bonded atoms and lone pairs are located.

the sp3 hybrid orbitals on C with the 1s atomic orbitals from the hydrogen atoms. The carbon- The carbon- carbon sigma bond is formed from overlap of an sp 3 hybrid orbital on each C atom.

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