In this chapter…

In this have seen in the last chapter that the Congress recovered after 1971, but was not the same kind of party. The difference became clear in a series of events between 1973 and 1975 that brought new challenges to India s democratic politics and the institutional balance sought by the Constitution. These developments led to the imposition of emergency in June 1975. Normally, we would associate emergency with war and aggression or with natural disaster. But this emergency was imposed because of the perceived threat of internal disturbance. The Emergency ended as dramatically as it had begun, resulting in a defeat of the Congress in the Lok Sabha elections of 1977. In this chapter we focus on this crucial phase in the history of democracy in India and ask some questions that have remained controversial after all these years.

largest public sector undertaking went on a strike in May 1974. The strike by the Railway employees added to the atmosphere of labour unrest. It also raised issues like rights of the workers and whether employees of essential services should adopt measures like strikes. The government declared the strike illegal. As the government refused

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