Introduction to Structural-Equation Models

Sociology 761 John Fox Lecture Notes Introduction to Structural-Equation Models Copyright 2014 by John Fox Introduction to Structural-Equation Models11. IntroductionIStructural-equation Models (SEMs) are multiple-equation regressionmodels in which the response variable in one regression equation canappear as an explanatory variable in another equation. Two variables in a SEM can even effect one-another reciprocally, eitherdirectly, or indirectly through a feedback Models can include variables that are not measureddirectly, but rather indirectly through their effects (calledindicators)or,sometimes, through their observable causes. Unmeasured variables are variously termedlatent variables,con-structs, Structural-Equation methods represent a confluence of work inmany disciplines, including biostatistics, econometrics, psychometrics,and social statistics. The general synthesis of these various traditionsdates to the late 1960s and early 761 Copyrightc 2014 by John FoxIntroduction to Structural-Equation Models2 IThis Introduction to SEMs takes up several topics: The form and specification of observed-variables SEMs.

Introduction to Structural-Equation Models 4 I Several classes of variables appears in SEMs: • Endogenous variables are the response variables of the model. – There is one structural equation (regression equation) for each endogenous variable. – An endogenous variable may, however, also appear as an explana- tory variable in other structural equations. – For the kinds of models that we ...

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