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pH buffers. Buffer capacity and buffering range

1 pH buffers. Buffer capacity and buffering range 1. Introduction Buffer solutions are aqueous solutions, consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. An important property of Buffer solutions is its ability to maintain a relatively constant pH value in response to the addition of small amount of acid or base. Additionally, the pH of the Buffer solutions remains relatively stable also during dilution. For this reason, Buffer solutions are used in a wide range of chemical applications, primarily as reagents that allow to maintain a constant pH value (in the production of dyes, in fermentation processes, as well as to set the pH of food products, cosmetics and medicines).

- buffer solution, pH = 4.01 - buffer solution, pH = 7.00 Mount the combined glass electrode in the holder. Thoroughly rinse the electrode with distilled water and gently dry with a piece of paper towel. Place the vial with buffer solution (pH 4.01) on the magnetic stirrer. Immerse the glass electrode in the buffer solution (the

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