Transcription of The Scratch Programming Language and Environment
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The Scratch Programming Language and Environment
The Scratch Programming Languageand EnvironmentJOHN MALONEY, MITCHEL RESNICK, NATALIE RUSK,BRIAN SILVERMAN, and EVELYN EASTMONDM assachusetts Institute of TechnologyScratch is a visual Programming Environment that allows users (primarily ages 8 to 16) to learncomputer Programming while working on personallymeaningful projects such as animated storiesand games. A key design goal of Scratch is to support self-directed learning through tinkeringand collaboration with peers. This article explores how the Scratch Programming Language andenvironment support this and Subject Descriptors: [Computer and Information Science Education]:Computer Science EducationGeneral Terms: Design, Human Factors, LanguagesAdditional Key Words and Phrases: Scratch , visual Programming Language , programminglanguage, Programming environmentACM Reference Format:Maloney, J., Resnick, M., Rusk, N., Silverman, B., and Eastmond, E. 2010. The Scratch program-ming Language and Environment . ACM Trans. Comput.
The Scratch project began in 2003, and the Scratch software and Web site1 were publicly launched in 2007. Scratch is free, available in nearly 50 lan-guages, and more than two million copies have been downloaded from the Scratch Web site. In addition, Scratch software is often redistributed by school systems and educational organizations.
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