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THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER INTRODUCTIONIn previous chapter we have studied thermal properties ofmatter. In this chapter we shall study laws that governthermal energy. We shall study the processes where work isconverted into heat and vice versa. In winter, when we rubour palms together, we feel warmer; here work done in rubbingproduces the heat . Conversely, in a steam engine, the heat of the steam is used to do useful work in moving the pistons,which in turn rotate the wheels of the physics, we need to define the notions of heat,temperature, work, etc. more carefully.

forms the basis of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, which states that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other’. R.H. Fowler formulated this law in 1931 long after the first and second Laws of thermodynamics were stated and so numbered . The Zeroth Law clearly suggests ...

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11 UnitUnitUnit

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2. Closed System In a closed system, there is no exchange of matter, but exchange of energy is possible between system and the surroundings [Fig. 6.2 (b)]. The presence of reactants in a closed vessel made of conducting material e.g., copper or steel is an example of a closed system. Fig. 6.2 Open, closed and isolated systems.

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