UNIT 4 - NCERT

UNIT 4 The description of structure and variation of living organisms over aperiod of time, ended up as two, apparently irreconcilable perspectiveson biology. The two perspectives essentially rested on two levels oforganisation of life forms and phenomena. One described at organismicand above level of organisation while the second described at cellularand molecular level of organisation. The first resulted in ecology andrelated disciplines. The second resulted in physiology and of physiological processes, in flowering plants as anexample, is what is given in the chapters in this unit. The processes ofmineral nutrition of plants, photosynthesis, transport , respiration andultimately plant growth and development are described in molecularterms but in the context of cellular activities and even at organismlevel. Wherever appropriate, the relation of the physiological processesto environment is also PHYSIOLOGYC hapter 11 transport in PlantsChapter 12 Mineral NutritionChapter 13 Photosynthesis in HigherPlantsChapter 14 Respiration in PlantsChapter 15 Plant Growth andDevelopment2015-16(19/01/2015)MELVIN CALVIN born in Minnesota in April, 1911, received in Chemistry from the University of Minnesota.

11.1.3 Active Transport Active transport uses energy to pump molecules against a concentration gradient. Active transport is carried out by membrane-proteins. Hence different proteins in the membrane play a major role in both active as well as passive transport. Pumps are proteins that use energy to carry substances across the cell membrane.

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