Transcription of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) - IIT Kanpur
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X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) - IIT Kanpur
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Debjani Banerjee Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Kanpur X-Ray Generation & typical spectrum Conventional X-Ray Source & Synchrotron: Absorption (Heat) Incident X-rays SPECIMEN Transmitted beam Fluorescent X-rays Electrons Compton recoil Photoelectrons Scattered X-rays Coherent From bound charges Incoherent (Compton modified) From loosely bound charges The coherently scattered X-rays are the ones that are important from XRD perspective. Interaction of X-rays with matter Scale of Structure Organization For electromagnetic radiation to be diffracted the spacing in the grating should be of the same order as the wavelength In crystals the typical interatomic spacing ~ 2-3 so the suitable radiation is X-rays Hence, X-rays can be used for the study of crystal structures Neutrons and Electrons are also used for Diffraction studies from materials.
• the scattering factor f j quantifies the efficiency of X-ray scattering at any angle by the group of electrons in each atom – The scattering factor is equal to the number of electrons around the atom at 0° θ, the drops off as θ increases • N j is the fraction of every equivalent position that is occupied by atom j
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